歷史的英文
Old English, until 1066
Immigrants from Denmark and NW Germany arrived in Britain in the 5th and 6th Centuries A.D., speaking in related dialects belonging to the Germanic and Teutonic branches of the Indo-European language family. Today, English is most closely related to Flemish, Dutch, and German, and is somewhat related to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Icelandic, unchanged for 1,000 years, is very close to Old English. Viking invasions, begun in the 8th Century, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence which lasted until the Norman Conquest of 1066.
Old English Words
The Angles came from an angle-shaped land area in contemporary Germany. Their name "Angli" from the Latin and commonly-spoken, pre-5th Century German mutated into the Old English "Engle". Later, "Engle" changed to "Angel-cyn" meaning "Angle-race" by A.D. 1000, changing to "Engla-land". Some Old English words which have survived intact include: feet, geese, teeth, men, women, lice, and mice. The modern word "like" can be a noun, adjective, verb, and preposition. In Old English, though, the word was different for each type: gelica as a noun, geic as an adjective, lician as a verb, and gelice as a preposition.
Middle English, from 1066 until the 15th Century
The Norman Invasion and Conquest of Britain in 1066 and the resulting French Court of William the Conqueror gave the Norwegian-Dutch influenced English a Norman-Parisian-French effect. From 1066 until about 1400, Latin, French, and English were spoken. English almost disappeared entirely into obscurity ring this period by the French and Latin dominated court and government. However, in 1362, the Parliament opened with English as the language of choice, and the language was saved from extinction. Present-day English is approximately 50% Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and 50% Romance (French and Latin).
Middle English Words
Many new words added to Middle English ring this period came from Norman French, Parisian French, and Scandinavian. Norman French words imported into Middle English include: catch, wage, warden, reward, and warrant. Parisian French gave Middle English: chase, guarantee, regard, guardian, and gage. Scandinavian gave to Middle English the important word of law. English nobility had titles which were derived from both Middle English and French. French provided: prince, ke, peer, marquis, viscount, and baron. Middle English independently developed king, queen, lord, lady, and earl. Governmental administrative divisions from French include county, city, village, justice, palace, mansion, and residence. Middle English words include town, home, house, and hall.
Early Modern English, from the 15th Century to the 17th Century
During this period, English became more organized and began to resemble the modern version of English. Although the word order and sentence construction was still slightly different, Early Modern English was at least recognizable to the Early Modern English speaker. For example, the Old English "To us pleases sailing" became "We like sailing." Classical elements, from Greek and Latin, profoundly influenced work creation and origin. From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Also, the "tele-" prefix meaning "far" later used to develop telephone and television was taken.
Modern English, from the 17th Century to Modern Times
Modern English developed through the efforts of literary and political writings, where literacy was uniformly found. Modern English was heavily influenced by classical usage, the emergence of the university-ecated class, Shakespeare, the common language found in the East Midlands.
❷ 加拿大歷史簡介英文版
加拿大歷史簡介英文版：
Canada
Few countries in the world offer as many choices to the traveller as Canada. Whether your passion is skiing, sailing, museum-combing or inlging in exceptional cuisine, Canada has it all. Western Canada is renowned for its stunningly beautiful countryside; Eastern Canada mixes the flavor and charm of Europe with the bustle of trendy New York; wildlife viewing is at its best in Northern Canada; and, everywhere, you will be surprised by how much more there is to this country than just maple syrup and Mounties.
However, Canada also has its fair share
of unsavory history. Traces of up to a dozen distinct groups of Inuit (Eskimos – Canada』s indigenous peoples) have been discovered across Canada』s far northern regions. The Inuit maintain that traditional lands were taken from them by force or subterfuge by previous governments, bearing some resemblance to the plight of the Aborigines in Australia.
However, there have been some small measures to tackle their remonstrations: in 1991, a 350,000 sq km (135,135 sq miles) area of the Northwest Territories was relinquished to the Inuit as the semi-autonomous Nunavut territory; and additional lands and measures of self-government were granted to the territory in 1999. There is certainly room in Canada to accommodate for these peoples: despite Canada』s gigantic size, the country is sparsely populated. Most people congregate around urban centers, and venturing into more remote rural areas, you may well have only the country』s stunning scenery as your companion.
Indeed, Canada is so beautifully diverse that it makes it that little bit easier to comprehend why so many people fought for possession of it. During the 17th century, the Anglo-French war over Canada ended with the capitulation of the French Canadian capital, Québec, to the besieging forces of the English General Wolfe. The Americans made a number of efforts to seize control of Britain』s Canadian territories after British defeat in the American War of Independence, but failed, and the two countries thereafter evolved along different historical paths. In 1791, Canada was divided between regions occupied by the English-speaking and the longer-established French-speaking community, but the arrangement did not work and was replaced by a unified system.
Canada now promotes itself as a country of peace, most notably in recent times in its opposition to the US-led war against Iraq. Canada governs itself independently but still has the British monarch as its head of state, with relatively little dissent. These factors are typical of a country that somehow succeeds in unifying incredible range: whatever your passion, Canada has a place for it. After all, this country spans six time zones and borders three of the world』s four oceans.
Geography
Canada is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean and Alaska, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the northeast by Greenland, and to the south by the 『Lower 48』 of the USA. The polar ice cap lies to the north. The landscape is diverse, ranging from the Arctic tundra of the north to the great prairies of the central area. Westward are the Rocky Mountains, and in the southeast are the Great Lakes, the St Lawrence River and Niagara Falls. The country is divided into 10 provinces and three territories. A more detailed description of each province can be found under the separate provincial entries.
❸ 中國的歷史用英語有哪些
the history of China
❹ 英語的發展史
盧恩語(Futhark)→古英語(即盎格魯-撒克遜語)(Old English、Anglo-Saxon)→英國英語(English)
1.英語的發展要追溯到公元410年，羅馬人離開不列顛之後，日耳曼部族包括盎格魯、薩克遜開始湧入。
2.羅馬人走了，沒有留下他們使用的拉丁語。反倒是實用的盎格魯薩克遜語言進入到當地人的語言，帶去了新的詞彙。
3.公元597年，基督教傳入英國。基督教的流行，使當地人更容易接受拉丁文的怪字，如「martyr（烈士）」, 「bishop」和 「font」。
4.公元800年，丹麥人入侵英國。維京語言給英語帶來了好戰意味明顯的詞彙，英語中共有2000個詞彙源於維京人。
5.1066年,征服者威廉入侵不列顛，帶來了來自海峽對岸的法語。法語成為了上層階級與官方事務用語。總的來講，英文大概從諾曼語中吸收了一萬多個單詞。
6.1337 年，英法百年戰爭開始。在這116年的爭斗中，英語吸收了法語中的戰爭詞彙，如「armies」, 「navies」 及 「soldiers「， 並逐步取代法語，成為當權者的語言。
7.100年之後誕生了莎士比亞。字典告訴我們，莎士比亞大概發明了2000多個新字，包括好用的詞彙還有很多當時的流行詞彙。
8.1611年出現了詹姆士王版聖經。新聖經使用了所有人都能理解的語言，使得聖經中的教訓不再是「王宮粉牆上」的文字，而是手中的小冊，並有傳教士在每間教堂宣傳。
9.17世紀，科學得到了迅速的發展。皇家學院的科學家們一開始用拉丁文溝通，後來發現其實用自己的母語英文會更簡潔。新事物的發現產生了許多新的詞彙。
10.在日不落帝國迅速擴張時期，英語從殖民地不同的語言中吸收了許多新的詞彙與表達。據統計，在1815年到1914年期間，新變種的英文得以在世界各地發展。
11.隨著英文向四面八方擴張，詞典編纂者也隨之出現，這些人想要解決拼字不統一的無政府狀態。於是約翰遜博士花了九年編成了一本英文字典，促成了拼寫的統一。
12.英語由古代從丹麥等斯堪的納維亞半島以及德國、荷蘭及周邊移民至不列顛群島的盎格魯、撒克遜以及朱特部落的白人所說的語言演變而來，並通過英國的殖民活動傳播到了世界各地。
13.在19至20世紀，英國以及美國在文化、經濟、軍事、政治和科學在世界上的領先地位使得英語成為一種國際語言。如今，許多國際場合都使用英語做為溝通媒介。
(4)歷史的英文擴展閱讀
古英語受低地日耳曼語影響很大，比如動詞，基本詞彙，發音，復合詞結構，形態變化很復雜，但是與現代的標准德語還是有很大的區別。
現代英語並非起源或演變自羅曼語族亦或是法語，但是數萬現代英語詞彙，很大一部分來自法語，約5萬英語詞彙與法語接近甚至是完全相同，現代英語和多數現代歐洲語言都改用字母拼寫。
現代英語所使用的拼寫字母，也是完全借用了26個字母。所謂「英語字母」，就是古羅馬人在書寫時所使用的拼寫字母。
英語開始以拉丁字母作為拼寫系統大約是在公元六世紀盎格魯撒克遜時代。
參考資料
英語-網路
❺ 歷史的英文怎麼說
history
history 英[ˈhɪstri] 美[ˈhɪstəri]
n. 歷史，歷史學; 發展史; 履歷，經歷; （某地的） 沿革;
[例句]The Catholic Church has played a prominent role throughout Polish history.
天主教會在整個波蘭歷史上曾發揮過舉足輕重的作用。
[其他] 復數：histories
❻ 「歷史」用英文怎麼說
annals: [
❼ 歷史用英語怎麼說
It has a long history .
分析：
1、這是抄一個主謂賓襲結構的簡單句。根據句子意思是一般現在時，主語是第三人稱單數，謂語動詞have要用has。
2、句子成分分析：
主語：It
謂語：has
賓語：a long history
❽ 歷史 英文
回顧19世紀歷史學作為一門學科建立初始，就曾經出現對該學科定位上的論爭。一方主張仿照自然科學的範式來構建歷史學，他們宣稱：「歷史學，一門不折不扣的科學」；而另一方則主張按文學藝術等人文學科的範式來構建歷史學，他們聲稱：「克萊奧，一位繆斯」，意指歷史之神是藝術之神，同科學無緣。此後，就歷史學能否作為科學加以建構這個根本性問題，就一直縈繞在歷史學研究者的心中，不管是否明確地表達，每個歷史研究者都有對歷史學定位的認識，並按照這種認識來進行具體的歷史研究。歷史哲學研究者還專門就歷史學的科學性問題展開討論。最初的歷史哲學集中於對歷史發展過程本身、亦即歷史本體進行思考，力求揭示歷史的發展規律。這一派歷史哲學研究後來被稱為思辯的歷史哲學，黑格爾、施本格勒、湯因比等是其代表。但他們所說的歷史發展規律，不外乎歸因於上帝或絕對精神之類的超驗意志，或者類比生物或人體的生長、成熟、死亡的必然性，這種宿命式的規律觀，自然缺少可信性。於是歷史哲學研究轉向了歷史認識是如何可能的認識論問題上，即通過考察歷史研究者是如何研究歷史、歷史知識又是如何形成的來確定歷史學的性質，給歷史學以定位。這一派歷史哲學被稱為分析或批判的歷史哲學，克羅齊、柯林武德等是其代表。他們認為，歷史研究充滿了研究者的主體性干預，從課題的選擇到研究資料的取捨、再到歷史敘事的編排、歷史解釋的構建、直到歷史現象的價值評判，都脫離不開歷史研究者的主體性干預。在他們的認識里，研究者主體保持價值中立是不可能做到的。因此，歷史學的科學性受到更進一步的質疑。但是，一些致力於維護歷史學科學地位的學者也在做著不懈的努力。像二戰後以法國年鑒學派和美國新經濟史學派為代表的新史學就是在努力將歷史學作為科學來加以建構的。前者嘗試通過整合各門社會科學研究方法來建構「總體史」，以求揭示長時段的深層歷史結構，並依此而賦予歷史學的科學地位以合法性；後者則嘗試吸納經濟學的計量方法研究歷史上的一些可計量現象，並依據向社會科學中最具科學外觀的學科的看齊來賦予歷史學的科學地位以合法性。但由於年鑒學派在整合跨學科方法上的失敗而重新走向各學科方法的分立的「碎化」和新經濟史學派濫用數學計量工具，最終未能取得令人滿意的進展。這些在歷史學科學性問題上的反復爭論，反映出歷史學不同於其他社會科學的特殊性，其根本性的症結就在於歷史學研究對象的特殊性，它研究的是往昔舊事，既不能重現、又無法貼近觀察，更無法反復實驗與檢驗。這種研究對象的特殊性，顯然無法沿用自然科學流行的實證主義的評價標准來確認它的科學性。實證主義的科學評價標准就是通過反復證實來確認研究發現和解釋的科學真理性，在這一點上，以現實為研究對象的經濟學和社會學都相比歷史學有一定的優勢，它們也被稱為社會科學中最「硬」的、也就是最類似於自然科學的學科。
Recalling the 19th-century history as a discipline to establish the initial on the location of the discipline have appeared on the controversy. One party is modeled on the paradigm of natural sciences to build a history, they declared: "History, an out-of science"; while the other is expounded by the literature and the humanities and arts paradigm to build a history, they claim: "Clio, a Muse," meaning of history that God is the god of the arts, with science and missed. Since then, the history of science to be able to build this as a fundamental issue has been lingering in the minds of researchers of history, whether or not clearly expressed,
Every historical researcher has a right understanding of historical location and in accordance with this understanding to carry out a specific historical research. Philosophy of history researchers also specifically on the history of science issues to discuss. The initial philosophy of history concentrated on the historical development process itself, which is to reflect on the history ontology, and strive to reveal the laws of historical development. This school of historical studies in philosophy came to be known as the speculative philosophy of history, Hegel, Spengler, Toynbee and others are their representatives. But they say the laws of historical development, nothing more than e to the spirit of God, or the like is absolutely transcendent will, or the analogy of biological or human growth, into a
Cooked, the inevitability of death, this type of fatalistic view of the law, natural lack of credibility. Historical studies in philosophy then turned to the historical understanding of how the possible epistemological issue, that is by looking at historical researcher is how to study history, historical knowledge is formed to determine how the nature of history, giving history to locate. This school of philosophy of history is known as analysis or criticism of the history of philosophy, Croce, Collingwood and others are their representatives. In their view, full of historical research, the main intervention researchers, from the choice of topics to research information on trade-offs, to the historical narrative of the schele, the historical interpretation of the building, until the
Judge the value of historical phenomena, are inseparable from the history off the main researcher intervention. In their understanding, the researchers maintain the value of the main neutral is impossible. Therefore, the history of science being further questioned. However, some committed to maintaining the scientific status of history scholars are making unremitting efforts. Like the Second World War the French Annales School and the United States were represented by the new economic historians of the New History is history in the effort to be constructed as a science. The former try to pass the entire
All the various social science research methods to construct "general history" in order to reveal the long run, the deep historical structures, and so the history of science to give legitimacy to the status; the latter is trying to absorb the history of economics measurement method Some can be measured on the phenomenon and the social sciences based on the appearance of most scientific disciplinesLine to give historical legitimacy to the scientific status. However, as the Annales school on an interdisciplinary approach in the integration of the failure of re-separation of methods of various disciplines into a "fragmentation" and the new economic historians were abused mathematical measurement tools, ultimately failed to achieve satisfactory progress. These history repeatedly on the issue of scientific debate, reflecting the history is different from other social sciences are unique, its fundamental crux of the problem lies in the particularity of the object of historical studies, it is the study of old things past, we can not re - now, and could not close observation, let alone repeated experiments and tests. The particularity of this study,
Obviously can not follow the popular positivist natural science evaluation criteria to make sure it's scientific. Positivist scientific evaluation criterion is confirmed by repeated to confirm findings and interpretation of scientific truth, at this point, to be realistic for the study of economics and sociology are compared to the historical study has some advantages, they are also known as the social sciences, the most "hard", that is most similar to the natural science subjects.
❾ 中國歷史,英文
Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers both along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era. The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700 BCE – ca. 1046 BCE).[1] Oracle Bones with ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BCE.[2] The origins of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy, developed ring the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE to 256 BCE).The Zhou Dynasty began to bow to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BCE. The ability of the Zhou to control its regional lords lessened, and the kingdom eventually broke apart into indivial smaller states, beginning in the Spring and Autumn Period and reaching full expression in the Warring States period. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huang united the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to directly control vast territories.The conventional view of Chinese history is that of a dynasty alternating between periods of political unity and disunity and occasionally becoming dominated by other inner Asian peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and cultural assimilation, are part of the modern culture of China.