西班牙地理概況英文版
1. 西班牙的地理環境
西班牙地勢以高原為主，間以山脈。海拔3718 米的穆拉森山為全國最高點。中部的梅塞塔高原是一個山脈環繞的閉塞性高原，約佔全國面積的3/5，平均海拔600米～800米。
北有東西綿亘的坎塔布里亞山脈和比利牛斯山脈。比利牛斯山脈是西班牙與法國的界山，長430多公里，有海拔3000米以上的高峰。
西班牙的最高點在南部的內華達山，主峰穆拉森山海拔3478米，是伊比利亞半島的屋脊。
由於山脈逼近海岸，平原很少而且狹窄，比較寬廣的只有東北部的埃布羅河谷地和西南部的安達盧西亞平原。
西班牙全國海拔200米以下的土地佔11%，201米至600米佔31%，601米至1000米佔39%，1001米至2000米佔18%，海拔2000米以上佔1%。
西班牙全國總面積達505925平方公里（其中陸地面積499542平方公里，水域面積5240平方公里），居歐洲第五位，本土最北端到最南端大約830公里，東西方向最長1000公里。
絕大部份領土位於伊比利亞半島，東北隔比利牛斯山脈與法國和安道爾相連，西鄰葡萄牙。南隔直布羅陀海峽與非洲的摩洛哥相望。北面比斯開灣，東臨地中海與義大利隔海相望，西北、西南臨大西洋。
(1)西班牙地理概況英文版擴展閱讀：
一、西班牙區域劃分：
西班牙全國劃分為17個自治區、50個省、8000多個市鎮，在摩洛哥境內另有休達和梅利利亞兩塊飛地。
自治區：安達盧西亞、阿拉貢、阿斯圖里亞斯、巴利阿里群島、巴斯克、加那利群島、坎塔布利亞、卡斯蒂利亞-萊昂、卡斯蒂利亞-拉曼恰、加泰羅尼亞、埃斯特雷馬杜拉、加利西亞、馬德里、穆爾西亞、納瓦拉、拉里奧哈和巴倫西亞。
西班牙首都馬德里，是歐洲著名的歷史名城，市區面積為607平方公里，市區人口323.3萬人，有400多年的歷史，是全國的政治、文化、經濟和金融中心。
馬德里是西班牙中央經濟區的綜合性經濟中心，運輸、物流、研發、消費和高新技術產業的中心。市內通訊、交通發達，市區13條地鐵線總長226公里。
市內有規模名列歐洲榜首的馬德里自治大學，36個古代藝術博物館、100多個博物館、18家圖書館和100多個雕塑群。
二、水文特點：
西班牙主要河流有埃布羅河、杜羅河、塔霍河、瓜迪亞納河和瓜達爾基維爾河。最長的是塔霍河，長1007公里，下游在葡萄牙境內。
埃布羅河長910公里，全程在境內，有時被看作西班牙第一大河。這些河流由於跌宕曲折，只有瓜達爾基維爾河下游可以通航，其他河流均無法航運。
2. 介紹一下西班牙的自然地理環境和人文方面情況
自然地理環境：
1、位置境域：西班牙全國總面積達505925平方公里其中陸地面積499542平方公里，水域面積5240平方公里），居歐洲第五位，本土最北端到最南端大約830公里，東西方向最長1000公里。
絕大部份領土位於伊比利亞半島，東北隔比利牛斯山脈與法國和安道爾相連，西鄰葡萄牙。南隔直布羅陀海峽與非洲的摩洛哥相望。北面比斯開灣，東臨地中海與義大利隔海相望，西北、西南臨大西洋。
拓展資料：
西班牙王國（西班牙語：Reino de España；英語：The Kingdom of Spain），簡稱西班牙，位於歐洲西南部的伊比利亞半島， 地處歐洲與非洲的交界處，西鄰葡萄牙，北瀕比斯開灣，東北部與法國及安道爾接壤，南隔直布羅陀海峽與非洲的摩洛哥相望，領土還包括地中海中的巴利阿里群島，大西洋的加那利群島及非洲的休達和梅利利亞。該國是一個多山國家，總面積505925平方公里，其海岸線長約7800公里。 以西班牙語作為官方語言的國家數量世界第二，僅次於英語。
3. 介紹西班牙的英語作文，包括地理位置、面積、人口、特色、旅遊等方面……
Spanish (Spanish: Españ a ), officially known as the kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Españ a ), is a country in southwestern Europe, and Portugal in the Iberian Peninsula, northeastern border with France and the Principality of andorra. Its territory also includes the Mediterranean in the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic, and in Africa of Ceuta and melilla. The north near the bay of Biscay, west of Portugal, south across the Strait of Gibraltar and Morocco across the northeast Africa, and France, Andorra bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, East and southeast. Coasting grows about 7800 kilometers. Mountainous territory, is one of European mountain countries.
4. 求西班牙概況 中文+英文
國名：西班牙(Spain)
重要節日：國慶節：10月12日；憲法日：12月6日。
首都：馬德里 (Madrid)，人口3100萬（2004年）。
面積：505,925平方公里
人口：45,200,737人（2007年估計）主要是卡斯蒂利亞人（即西班牙人），少數民族有加泰羅尼亞人（681萬）、加里西亞人（275萬）和巴斯克人（212萬）。
宗教：96％的居民信奉天主教。
語言：卡斯蒂利亞語（即西班牙語）是官方語言和全國通用語言。少數民族語言在本地區亦為官方語言。
國家體制：君主立憲制，議會民主制
國花：石榴花
國石：綠寶石
貨幣：歐元(舊貨幣：比塞塔)
時差：比北京時間晚7小時，夏令時期間6小時；
西班牙國旗：呈長方形，長與寬之比為3∶2。旗面由三個平行的橫長方形組成，上下均為紅色，各占旗面的1／4；中間為黃色。黃色部分偏左側繪有西班牙國徽。紅、黃兩色是西班牙人民喜愛的傳統顏色，並分別代表組成西班牙的四個古老王國。 有一種說法是紅色代表碧血，黃色代表黃沙，碧血黃沙象徵的是西班牙人民酷愛的鬥牛運動，從中體現的是英勇頑強、不畏強暴的精神。
西班牙國徽：中心圖案為盾徽。盾面上有六組圖案：左上角是紅地上黃色城堡，右上角為白地上頭戴王冠的紅獅，城堡和獅子是古老西班牙的標志，分別象徵卡斯蒂利亞和萊昂；左下角為黃、紅相間的豎條，象徵東北部的阿拉貢；右下角為紅地上金色鏈網，象徵位於北部的納瓦拉；底部是白地上綠葉紅石榴，象徵南部的格拉納達；盾面中心的藍色橢圓形中有三朵百合花，象徵國家富強、人民幸福、民族團結。盾徽上端有一頂大王冠，這是國家權力的象徵。盾徽兩旁各有一根海格力斯柱子。亦稱大力神銀柱，左、右柱頂端分別是王冠和帝國冠冕，纏繞著立柱的飾帶上寫著「海外還有大陸」。
國歌：《皇家進行曲》 西班牙國歌最早源於十八世紀卡洛斯三世時期的格拉納達軍隊進行曲，皇家名稱為《西班牙榮譽進行曲》，民間則稱為《步兵進行曲》。王室曾多次組織音樂家譜寫新歌，但無一能夠超過這個曲子，於是這首有曲無詞的國歌便延續下來，直至2007年年底，由全國性發起徵集歌詞的活動，確定了西班牙國歌歌詞，歌詞為「西班牙萬歲！／我們一起唱／用不同的聲音／同一顆心；」
「西班牙萬歲！／從綠色的山谷／到浩瀚的海洋／是兄弟的贊歌；」
「我們熱愛自己的祖國／要去擁抱她／在她湛藍的天空下／各民族親如一家；」
「光榮的子孫／偉大的歷史／歌唱正義與繁榮／歌唱民主與和平。」
4段歌詞體現了「團結、自由、民主、和平」。
1931年，第二共和國曾把《列戈頌歌》定為國歌，但是民主政府失敗後又恢復了原有國歌的地位。
重要人物：胡安·卡洛斯一世：國王，西班牙國家元首。1938年1月5日生於羅馬，西班牙波旁王朝末代國王阿方索十三世之孫。幼時隨父旅居義大利、瑞士和葡萄牙等國。1955年起，先後在西海、陸、空三軍軍事學院和大學學習，畢業後到政府各部門實習行政管理，1969年7月經西班牙議會批准為王位繼承人，1975年11月登基。愛好滑雪、狩獵、航海、航空。1962年與希臘公主索菲婭結婚，有二女一子。
何塞·路易斯·羅德里格斯·薩帕特羅：首相。1960年8月4日生於卡斯蒂利亞-萊昂自治區。法學學士。1979年加入工社黨。1986年成為西最年輕的眾議員，此後連續4次當選。2000年7月被選為工社黨總書記。2004年4月出任首相。
編輯本段行政區劃
全國劃分為17個自治區，50個省，8000多個市鎮。17個自治區為：安達盧西亞、阿拉貢、阿斯圖利亞斯、巴利阿里、巴斯克、加那利、坎塔布利亞、卡斯蒂利亞－萊昂、卡斯蒂利亞－拉曼恰、加泰羅尼亞、埃斯特雷馬杜拉、加利西亞、馬德里、穆爾西亞、納瓦拉、拉里奧哈和巴倫西亞。
行 政 區 劃/ 行 政 中 心
安達盧西亞 Andalucia/ 塞維利亞 Sevilla
阿拉貢 Aragón/ 薩拉戈薩 Zaragoza
阿斯圖里亞斯 Asturias/ 奧維多 Oviedo
巴利阿里 Baleares/ 馬略卡 Mallorca
巴斯克 Vasco/ 維多利亞 Vitoria-Gasteiz
加那利 Canarias/
坎塔布里亞 Cantabria/ 桑坦德 Santander
卡斯蒂利亞－萊昂 Castilla y León/ 巴亞多利德 Valladolid
卡斯蒂利亞－拉曼恰 Castilla La Mancha/ 托萊多 Toledo
加泰羅尼亞 Catalu?a/ 巴塞羅那 Barcelona
埃斯特雷馬杜拉 Extremara/ 梅里達 Mérida
加利西亞 Galicia/ 聖地亞哥－德孔波斯特拉 Santiago de Compostela
馬德里 Madrid/ 馬德里 Madrid
穆爾西亞 Murcia/ 穆爾西亞 Murcia
納瓦拉 Navarra/ 潘普洛納 Pamplona
拉里奧哈 La Rioja/ 洛格羅尼奧 Logro?o
巴倫西亞 Valencia/ 巴倫西亞 Valencia
四大旅遊區：加那利群島--熱帶風光、太陽海岸--地中海沙灘、巴利阿里群島--地中海浴池、馬德里--文化古城；
5. 求一篇介紹西班牙的英文文章 詞彙簡單點的
Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España, short form: España[1]), is a country located in Southern Europe, with two small exclaves in North Africa (both bordering Morocco). Spain is a democracy which is organized as a parliamentary monarchy. It is a developed country with the ninth-largest economy in the world.[2] It is the largest of the three sovereign nations that make up the Iberian Peninsula—the others are Portugal and the microstate of Andorra.
To the west and to the south of Galicia, Spain borders Portugal. To the south, it borders Gibraltar (belonging to the UK) and, through its cities in North Africa (Ceuta and Melilla), Morocco. To the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France and the tiny principality of Andorra. It also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the strait of Gibraltar, known as Plazas de soberanía, such as the Chafarine islands, the isle of Alborán, the "rocks" (peñones) of Vélez and Alhucemas, and the tiny Isla Perejil. In the northeast along the Pyrenees, a small exclave town called Llívia in Catalonia is surrounded by French territory.
The term Spain (España in Spanish) comes from the name as the Romans knew it in Latin: Hispania.
The earliest records of hominids living in Europe to date has been found in the Spanish cave of Atapuerca which has become a key site for world Paleontology e to the importance of the fossils found there, dated roughly 1,000,000 years ago.
Modern humans in the form of Cro-Magnons began arriving in the Iberian peninsula from north of the Pyrenees some 35,000 years ago. The more conspicuous sign of prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the northern Spanish Altamira (cave), which were done ca. 15,000 BCE and are regarded, along with those in Lascaux, France, as paramount instances of cave art.
The earliest urban culture documented is that of the semi-mythical southern city of Tartessos, pre- 1100 BCE. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over a period of several centuries. Around 1100 BCE, Phoenician merchants founded the trading colony of Gadir or Gades (modern day Cádiz) near Tartessos. In the 9th century BCE the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Empúries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the East, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. The Greeks are responsible for the name Iberia, apparently after the river Iber (Ebro in Spanish). In the 6th century BCE the Carthaginians arrived in Iberia while struggling first with the Greeks and shortly after with the Romans for control of the Western Mediterranean. Their most important colony was Carthago Nova (Latin name of modern day Cartagena).
The native peoples which the Romans met at the time of their invasion in what is now known as Spain were the Iberians, inhabiting from the Southwest part of the Peninsula through the Northeast part of it, and then the Celts, mostly inhabiting the north and northwest part of the Peninsula. In the inner part of the peninsula, where both groups were in contact, a mixed, distinctive, culture was present, the one known as Celtiberian.
[edit] Roman Empire and Germanic Invasions
Main article: Hispania
Roman bridge in CordobaThe Romans arrived in the Iberian peninsula ring the Second Punic war in the 2nd century BCE, and annexed it under Augustus after two centuries of war with the tenacious Celtic and Iberian tribes (from whom they copied the short sword known as falcata). These, along with the Phoenician, Greek and Carthaginian coastal colonies, became the province of Hispania. It was divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior ring the late Roman Republic; and, ring the Roman Empire, Hispania Taraconensis in the northeast, Hispania Baetica in the south and Lusitania (province with capital in the city of Emerita Augusta) in the southwest.
Hispania supplied Rome with food, olive oil, wine and metal. The emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius and Theodosius I, the philosopher Seneca and the poets Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were born in Spain. The Spanish Bishops held the Council at Elvira in 306. The collapse of the Western Roman empire did not lead to the same wholesale destruction of Western classical society as happened in areas like Britain, Gaul and Germania Inferior ring the Dark Ages, even if the institutions, infrastructure and economy did suffer considerable degradation. Spain's present languages, its religion, and the basis of its laws originate from this period. The centuries of uninterrupted Roman rule and settlement left a deep and enring imprint upon the culture of Spain.
The first hordes of Barbarians to invade Hispania arrived in the 5th century, as the Roman empire decayed. The tribes of Goths, Visigoths, Swebians (Suebi), Alans, Asdings and Vandals, arrived to Spain by crossing the Pyrenees mountain range. They were all of Germanic origin. This led to the establishment of the Swebian Kingdom in Gallaecia, in the northwest, and the Visigothic Kingdom elsewhere. (For a while, the Germans lived under their law while the much more numerous Spaniards continued more or less to live under Roman law.) The Visigothic Kingdom eventually encompassed the entire Iberian Peninsula with the Roman Catholic conversion of the Goth monarchs. The famous horseshoe arch, which was adapted and perfected by the later Muslim era builders was in fact originally an example of Visigothic art.
[edit] Muslim Iberia
Main article: Al-Andalus
In the 8th century, nearly all the Iberian peninsula, which had been under Visigothic rule, was quickly conquered (711–718), by mainly Berber Muslims (see Moors), who had crossed over from North Africa, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad. Visigothic Spain was the last of a series of lands conquered in a great westward charge by the Islamically inspired armies of the Umayyad empire. Indeed they continued northwards until they were defeated in central France at the Battle of Tours in 732. Astonishingly the invasion started off as an invitation from a Visigoth faction within Spain for support. But instead the Moorish army, having defeated King Roderic proceeded to conquer the peninsula for itself. The Roman Catholic populace, unimpressed with the constant internal feuding of the Visigothic leaders, often stood apart from the fighting, often welcoming the new rulers, thereby forging the basis of the distinctly Spanish-Muslim culture of Al-Andalus. Only three small counties in the mountains of the north of Spain managed to cling to their independence: Asturias, Navarra and Aragon, which eventually became kingdoms.
The Age of the Islamic EmpireThe Muslim emirate proved strong in its first three centuries; stopping Charlemagne's massive forces at Saragossa and, after a serious Viking attack, established effective defences. Indeed it became a terror in its own right to Christian neighbours, with its "al-jihad fil-bahr" (holy war at sea). Christian Spain struck back from its mountain redoubts by seizing the lands north of the Duero river, and the Franks were able to seize Barcelona (801) and the Spanish Marches), but save for these and some other small incursions in the north, the Christians were unable to make headway against the superior forces of Al-Andalus for several centuries. It was only in the 11th century that the break up of Al-Andalus led to the creation of the Taifa kingdoms, who attempted to outshine each other in art and culture and were often at war, became vulnerable to the consolidating power of Spain's Christian kingdoms.
The Moorish capital was Córdoba, in southern Spain. During this time large populations of Jews, Christians and Muslims lived in close quarters, and at its peak some non-Muslims were appointed to high offices under the some of the more lenient Muslim rulers. At its best it proced exquisite architecture and art, and Muslim and Jewish scholars played a major part in reviving the tradition of classical Greek philosophy, mathematics and science in western Europe, whilst making their own contributions to it. However, there were restrictions on non-Muslims that grew after the death of Al-Hakam II in 976. Later invasions of stricter Muslim groups led to persecutions of non-Muslims, forcing some (including Muslim scholars) to seek safety in the then still relatively tolerant city of Toledo after its Christian reconquest in 1085.
Interior of the Mezquita in Córdoba, a Muslim mosque.Spanish society under Muslim rule became increasingly complex, partly because Islamic conquest did not involve the systematic conversion of the much larger conquered population to Islam. At the same time, Christians and Jews were recognized under Islam as "peoples of the book", and so given dhimmi status. Most importantly, the Islamic Berber and Arab invaders were a small minority, ruling over several million Christians. Thus, Christians and Jews were free to practise their religion, but faced certain restrictions and financial burdens. Conversion to Islam proceeded at a steadily increasing pace, as it offered social and economic and political advantages. Merchants, nobles, large landowners, and other local elites were usually among the first to convert. By the 11th century Muslims are believed to have outnumbered Christians in Al-Andalus.
The Muslim community in Spain was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. From the beginning, the Berber people of North Africa had provided the bulk of the armies, clashed with the Arab leadership from the Middle East. The Berbers, who were comparatively recent converts to Islam, resented the aristocratic pretensions of the Arab elite. They soon gave up attempting to settle the harsh lands of the north of the Meseta Central handed to them by the Arab rulers, and many returned to Africa ring a Berber uprising against Arab rule. However, the Berbers later took over power and Muslim Spain fell under the rule of the Almoravid and then the Almohad dynasties, amongst others. Over time the relatively tiny number of Moors graally increased with immigration and cross marriages. Large Moorish populations grew, most notably in the south in the Guadalquivir river valley, and in the east, along the fertile Mediterranean coastal plain and in the Ebro river valley.
Muslim Spain was wealthy and sophisticated under Islamic rule. Cordoba was the richest and most sophisticated city in all of western Europe. It was not until the 12th century that western medieval Christiandom began to reach comparable levels of sophistication, and this was e in part to the stimulus coming from Muslim Spain. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa, including knowledge of mathematics and science, that they helped revive. Crops and farming techniques introced by the Arabs, led to a remarkable expansion of agriculture, which had been in decline since Roman times. In towns and cities magnificent mosques, palaces, and other monuments were constructed. Outside the cities, the mixture of large estates and small farms that existed in Roman times remained largely intact because Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners. The Muslim conquerors were relatively few in number and so they tried to maintain good relations with their subjects. This relative social peace, which was already deteriorating from the late 10th century, broke down with the later, stricter, Muslim sects.
Roman, Jewish, and Muslim culture interacted in complex ways. A large part of the population graally adopted Arabic. Arabic was the official language of government. Even Jews and Christians often spoke Arabic, while Hebrew and Latin were frequently written in Arabic script. These diverse traditions interchanged in ways that gave Spanish culture — religion, literature, music, art and architecture, and writing systems - a rich and distinctive heritage. However, as the 11th century drew to a close most of the north and centre of Spain was back under Christian control.
[edit] Fall of Muslim rule and Unification
Main article: Reconquista
Equal partners: Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of CastileThe long period of expansion of the Christian kingdoms, beginning in 722 with the Muslim defeat in the battle of Covadonga and the creation of the Christian kingdom of Asturias, only eleven years after the Moorish invasion, is called the Reconquista. As early as 739 Muslim forces were driven out of Galicia, which came to host one of Christianity's holiest sites, Santiago de Compostela. Areas in the northern mountains and around Barcelona were soon captured by Frankish and local forces, providing a base for Spain's Christians. The 1085 conquest of the central city of Toledo largely completed the reconquest of the northern half of Spain.
In 1086 the Almoravids, an ascetic Islamic sect from North Africa, conquered the divided small Moorish states in the south and launched an invasion in which they captured the east coast as far north as Saragossa. By the middle of the 12th century the Almoravid empire had disintegrated. The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 heralded the collapse of the great Moorish strongholds in the south, most notably Córdoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248. Within a few years of this nearly the whole of the Iberian peninsula had been reconquered, leaving only the Muslim enclave of Granada as a small tributary state in the south. Surrounded by Christian Castile but afraid of another invasion from Muslim northern Africa, it clung tenaciously to its isolated mountain splendour for two and half centuries. It came to an end in 1492 when Isabella and Ferdinand captured the southern city of Granada, the last Moorish city in Spain. The Treaty of Granada[3] guaranteed religious tolerance toward Muslims while Spain's Jewish population of over 200,000 people was expelled that year. At Ferdinand's urging the Spanish Inquisition had been established in 1478. With a history of being invaded by three Islamic empires (Ummayad, Almoravid and Almohad), there was a fear that Muslims might assist yet another invasion. Also, Aragonese labourers were angered by landlords' use of Moorish workers to undercut them. A 1499 Muslim uprising, triggered by forced conversions, was crushed and was followed by the first of the expulsions of Muslims, in 1502. The year 1492 was also marked by the discovery of the New World. Isabella I funded the voyages of Christopher Columbus. Ferdinand and Isabella, as exemplars of the Renaissance New Monarchs, consolidated the modernization of their respective economies that had been pursued by their predecessors and enforced reforms that weakened the position of the great magnates against the new centralized crowns. In their contests with the French army in the Italian Wars, Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba eventually achieved success, against the French knights, thereby revolutionizing warfare. The combined Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, long vibrant and expansive, emerged as a European great power.
The reconquest from the Muslims is one of the most significant events in Spanish history since the fall of the Roman Empire. Arabic quickly lost its place in southern Spain's life, and was replaced by Castilian. The process of religious conversion which started with the arrival of the moors was reversed from the mid 13th century as the Reconquista was advancing south: as this happened the Muslim population either fled or forcefully converted into Catholicism, mosques and synagogues were converted into churches.
With the union of Castile and Aragón in 1479 and the subsequent conquest of Granada in 1492 and Navarre in 1512, the word Spain (España, in Spanish) began being used only to refer to the new unified kingdom and not to the whole of Hispania (the term Hispania (from which España was originally derived) is Latin and the term Iberia Greek).
[edit] From the Renaissance to the nineteenth century
Main article: Habsburg Spain
Main article: Enlightenment Spain
Until the late fifteenth century, Castile and León, Aragón and Navarre were independent states, with independent languages, monarchs, armies and, in the case of Aragon and Castile, two empires: the former with one in the Mediterranean and the latter with a new, rapidly growing, one in the Americas. The process of political unification continued into the early 16th century. It was the unification of these separate Iberian empires that became the base of what is now referred to as the Spanish Empire.
6. 英文版西班牙簡介喲!
At the center of the Iberian Peninsula on the Meseta plateau Madrid, the capital of Spain, 400 years of history, is the Spanish political, economic and cultural center. Spain concentrated around the culture, a culture of Spain in Madrid cultural essence. Since King Philip II of Spain in the 16th century the city now, the fate of the Madrid henceforth be changed. Spain became the most important city status began to rise, and the other leading cities, Madrid in a short period of time is rapidly becoming Europe's top arts center also attributed to this. In the center of Madrid, the Sun Gate, street radial disperse, all directions are many scenic spots, people have no alternative. in the Netherlands Antilles than to square with the Plaza or on the road to the palace, filled with art, behind the Royal Palace (Palacio Real) a vast collection of valuable paintings Prado Museum (Paseo del Pradio) Unique in form of Castile Plaza, the Spanish people feel the most unique art and cultural style. In Madrid, the city has become a walking enjoyment, tireless, walk in the sunlight, stroll along the grass, if hungry, you can order a seafood meal, and accompanied by delicious Sherri liquor. If the pin is available only to, it can also sit in the shade of coffee Lane. Madrid arts are everywhere, perhaps alone in a corner of the road waiting for you.
7. 各國概況(中英文的)
舉例說明：丹麥
丹麥
Denmark
概況
General
國名：丹麥王國
Official Name: The Kingdom of Denmark
國旗：紅色旗面上繪有一個偏向左側的白色十字。據丹麥史詩記載，１２１９年６月１５日丹麥國王瓦爾德瑪·維克托里斯（也稱勝利王）率軍作戰時，一面帶白色十字的紅旗從天而降，丹軍轉敗為勝。此後白色十字旗就成為丹麥的國旗。每年６月１５日「國旗日」即「瓦爾德瑪日」。
國徽：為盾徽。三隻頭戴王冠的藍色獅子橫置於盾面，９顆紅心點綴周圍，象徵勇敢、忠誠和善良。盾形上端的王冠象徵丹麥為一個古老的王國。
國鳥：雲雀
政治：現行憲法於１９１５年制定，１９２０年、１９５３年兩度修改。憲法規定，丹實行君主立憲制。１９４９年加入北約，１９７３年加入歐共體。
自然地理：位於歐洲北部，由日德蘭半島及西蘭、菲英、洛蘭、法爾斯特和其它４８０個小島組成。只有南部與德國接壤。全境地勢低平，平均海拔約３０米，日德蘭半島中部稍高，最高點海拔１７３米。最長河流為古曾河。最大湖泊阿里湖面積４０．６平方公里。屬海洋性溫帶闊葉林氣候。平均氣溫１月０℃，７月１７℃。年平均降水量約６００毫米。
Location: Denmark is located in northern Europe. It consists of the Peninsula of Jutland, the islands of Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and 480 smaller islands. Its only land frontier is with Germany to the south.
面積：４３０９４平方公里（不包括格陵蘭和法羅群島）。
土地利用－耕地佔５９．１％，永久草場佔４．８％，森林佔１０．３％，其它２５．８％；人均耕地１．３英畝；海岸線長－７，３１４公里，陸界線長－６７，５７８公里。
Area: 43,094 sq.km.
land use-59.1% cropland, 4.8% permanent pasture, 10.3% forest and woodland, 2 5.8% others; arable land per capita-1.3 acres; coastline-7,314 km; land borders-67,578km.
人口：５２９.３萬（２０００年）
密度－每平方公里１２２.７人（２０００年）；城市人口８５．５％；年增長率－０．１％（２０００年）；平均壽命－７３．８歲（２０００年）
Population: 5,293,000
density-122.7 inhabs.per sq.km.(2000); urban pop- 85.5% ; growth rate- 0.1% per year (2000); avg. life expectancy- 73.8 years (2000).
首都：哥本哈根；人口：５０萬（２０００年）
Capital: Copenhagen; population- 500,000
時差：比格林尼治時間早１小時；比北京時間晚７個小時。
Time: 1 hour earlier than GMT; 7 hours later than Beijing Time.
語言：官方語言為丹麥語。法羅群島居民講法羅語。
Language: Danish is the official language. Faroese is spoken in the Faroe Islands.
民族：丹麥人佔９８％以上，其他民族２％。
Ethnic Composition: Danish more than 98%, other 2%.
宗教：基督教路德宗佔９１％，天主教和基督教新教佔２％，其他佔７％。
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran-91%, Roman Catholic and Protestant-2%, other-7%.
貨幣：１克朗＝１００歐爾；１美元＝７．６９６３克朗（２０００年３月１７日）
Currency: 1 Danish krone=100 ore; 1 U.S.dollar=7.6963 krones
節日（２００１年）：新年（１月１日）、復活節（４月１２－１６日）、祈禱日（５月１９日）、耶穌升天日（５月２４日）、聖神降臨日（６月４日）、憲法日（６月５日）、聖誕節（１２月２５－２６日）。
Holidays : Jan,1 (New Year's Day), Apr 12-16 (Easter), May 19 (General Prayer Day), may 24 (Ascension Day), June 4 (Whit Monday ), June 5 (Constitution Day), Dec.25-26 (Christmas).
行政區劃：全國分為１４個州
州（首府）：奧胡斯（奧胡斯）、波恩霍爾姆（倫訥）、哥本哈根（哥本哈根）、腓特烈堡（希勒勒德）、菲英島（歐登塞）、北日德蘭（奧爾堡）、里伯（里伯）、林克賓（林克賓）、羅斯基勒（羅斯基勒）、南日德蘭（奧本羅）、斯托海峽（尼克賓法爾斯特）、瓦埃勒（瓦埃勒）、西西蘭（索勒）、維堡（維堡）。
Administrative Districts-14 Counties:
County (Capital)-Arhus (Arhus), Bornholm (Boenne), Copenhagen (Copenhagen), Frederiksberg (Hilleroed), Fyn (Odense), Nordjylland (Alborg), Ribe (Ribe), Ringkoebing (Ringkoebing), Roskilde (Roskilde), Soenderjylland (Abenra), Storstroem (Nykoebing Falster), Vejle (Vejle), Vestsjaelland (Soroe), Viborg (Viborg).
主要城市：哥本哈根、奧胡斯、歐登塞、奧爾堡、埃斯比約、蘭訥斯、霍森斯、瓦埃勒、埃爾西諾、科靈、羅斯基勒、奈斯特韋茲。
Major Cities: Copenhagen, Arhus, Odense, Alborg, Esbjerg, Randers, Horsens, Vejle, Elsinore, Kolding, Roskilde, Naestved.
國家簡史
Brief History
約公元９８５年形成統一王國。１１世紀２０年代征服整個英格蘭和挪威，在１３９７年與瑞典、挪威結成的卡爾馬聯盟中處統治地位，其後逐漸衰落。１６６０年丹麥建立世襲君主制。１８４９年頒布第一部憲法，結束世襲君主制，建立君主立憲政體。１９４０年４月被納粹德國佔領，１９４５年５月德軍投降後，組成包括各政黨及抗德人士在內的聯合政府。此後由各政黨單獨或聯合執政。１９４９年加入北約。１９７３年加入歐洲共同體。
In 1660, Denmark was made an absolute monarchy. A new constitution was promulgated in 1849, ending the absolute monarchy and establishing constitutional monarchy. The country was seiz-ed by Nazi German Forces in Apr. 1940 and was under Nazi occupation till the fall of Germany. In May 1945, a coalition government consisting of various political parties and resistance leaders against the German was formed. After World War II, the parties held office alternately, exercising power independently or jointly. As a founder member, Denmark joined NATO in 1949, and entered the EC in Jan.1973.
國家元首
Head of State
憲法規定，國王與議會共同擁有立法權，國王通過由她任命的內閣部長行使行政權。國王即國家元首。
Denmark is a constitutional Monarchy. Legislative authority is vested in the Crown and a unicameral parliament. Executive power in sovereign is exercised through the ministers appointed by the Crown.
8. 求 高一 英語 關於介紹西班牙的 簡介小短文，大概15句話左右。
國名：西班牙(Spain)
重要節日：國慶節：10月12日；憲法日：12月6日。
首都：馬德里 (Madrid)，人口310萬（2004年）。
面積：505,925平方公里
人口：45,200,737人（2007年估計）主要是卡斯蒂利亞人（即西班牙人），少數民族有加泰羅尼亞人（681萬）、加里西亞人（275萬）和巴斯克人（212萬）。
宗教：96％的居民信奉天主教。
語言：卡斯蒂利亞語（即西班牙語）是官方語言和全國通用語言。少數民族語言在本地區亦為官方語言。
國家體制：君主立憲制，議會民主制
國花：石榴花
國石：綠寶石
國球：水球
貨幣：歐元(舊貨幣：比塞塔)
時差：比北京時間晚7小時，夏令時期間6小時；
西班牙國旗：呈長方形，長與寬之比為3∶2。旗面由三個平行的橫長方形組成，上下均為紅色，各占旗面的1／4；中間為黃色。黃色部分偏左側繪有西班牙國徽。紅、黃兩色是西班牙人民喜愛的傳統顏色，並分別代表組成西班牙的四個古老王國。 有一種說法是紅色代表碧血，黃色代表黃沙，碧血黃沙象徵的是西班牙人民酷愛的鬥牛運動，從中體現的是英勇頑強、不畏強暴的精神。
西班牙國徽：中心圖案為盾徽。盾面上有六組圖案：左上角是紅地上黃色城堡，右上角為白地上頭戴王冠的紅獅，城堡和獅子是古老西班牙的標志，分別象徵卡斯蒂利亞和萊昂；左下角為黃、紅相間的豎條，象徵東北部的阿拉貢；右下角為紅地上金色鏈網，象徵位於北部的納瓦拉；底部是白地上綠葉紅石榴，象徵南部的格拉納達；盾面中心的藍色橢圓形中有三朵百合花，象徵國家富強、人民幸福、民族團結。盾徽上端有一頂大王冠，這是國家權力的象徵。盾徽兩旁各有一根海格力斯柱子。亦稱大力神銀柱，左、右柱頂端分別是王冠和帝國冠冕，纏繞著立柱的飾帶上寫著「海外還有大陸」。
國歌：《皇家進行曲》 西班牙國歌最早源於十八世紀卡洛斯三世時期的格拉納達軍隊進行曲，皇家名稱為《西班牙榮譽進行曲》，民間則稱為《步兵進行曲》。王室曾多次組織音樂家譜寫新歌，但無一能夠超過這個曲子，於是這首有曲無詞的國歌便延續下來，直至2007年年底，由全國性發起徵集歌詞的活動，確定了西班牙國歌歌詞，歌詞為「西班牙萬歲！／我們一起唱／用不同的聲音／同一顆心；」
「西班牙萬歲！／從綠色的山谷／到浩瀚的海洋／是兄弟的贊歌；」
「我們熱愛自己的祖國／要去擁抱她／在她湛藍的天空下／各民族親如一家；」
「光榮的子孫／偉大的歷史／歌唱正義與繁榮／歌唱民主與和平。」
4段歌詞體現了「團結、自由、民主、和平」。
但是這段歌詞並沒有得到廣泛的認可，西班牙國歌的歌詞問題還是被擱置了下來。
1931年，第二共和國曾把《列戈頌歌》定為國歌，但是民主政府失敗後又恢復了原有國歌的地位。
重要人物：胡安·卡洛斯一世：國王，西班牙國家元首。1938年1月5日生於羅馬，西班牙波旁王朝末代國王阿方索十三世之孫。幼時隨父旅居義大利、瑞士和葡萄牙等國。1955年起，先後在西海、陸、空三軍軍事學院和大學學習，畢業後到政府各部門實習行政管理，1969年7月經西班牙議會批准為王位繼承人，1975年11月登基。愛好滑雪、狩獵、航海、航空。1962年與希臘公主索菲婭結婚，有二女一子。
何塞·路易斯·羅德里格斯·薩帕特羅：首相。1960年8月4日生於卡斯蒂利亞-萊昂自治區。法學學士。1979年加入工社黨。1986年成為西最年輕的眾議員，此後連續4次當選。2000年7月被選為工社黨總書記。2004年4月出任首相。
9. 有沒有關於介紹西班牙的英語文章，不要太長的
Spain
A country of southwest Europe comprising most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic and Canary Islands. Inhabited since the Stone Age, the region was colonized by Phoenicians and Greeks and later ruled by Carthage and Rome (after 201b.c.). Barbarians first invaded Spain in a.d. 409 but were supplanted by Moors from North Africa (711-719), who organized a kingdom known for its learning and splendor. The Moors were graally displaced by small Christian states and were ousted from their last stronghold, Granada, in 1492. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile then became rulers of a united Spain, which became a world power through exploration and conquest. After the empire was lost in the 18th and 19th centuries, Spain experienced social and economic unrest that culminated in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the rise of Francisco Franco. Madrid is the capital and the largest city. Population, 38,872,389.
西班牙：歐洲西南部一國家，由伊比利亞半島大部分、巴里阿里群島和迦納利群島組成。從石器時代開始這里就有人居住，該地區先是成為腓尼基人和希臘人的殖民地，後被迦太基人和羅馬人統治（公元前201年以後）。野蠻人於 公元409首次入侵西班牙，但後來被來自北非的摩爾人取代(711-719年），摩爾人建立了一個博學和輝煌的王國。後來摩爾人逐漸被基督教小?/FONT>��媯�⒆鈧沼?492年被逐出他們的堡壘-格拉納達，而後阿拉貢的斐迪南和卡斯提里亞的伊莎貝拉成為西班牙的統治者，他們通過擴張和征服成為世界強國。該帝國在18世紀和19世紀沒落以後，西班牙國內社會、經濟上的動盪最終導致了西班牙內戰(1936-1939年）和弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥的崛起。馬德里是其首都和最大城市。人口38,872,389
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Spain
officially Kingdom of Spain
Country, southwestern Europe.
One of Europe's largest countries, it is located on the Iberian Peninsula and also includes the Balearic and Canary islands. Area: 195,364 sq mi (505,990 sq km). Population (2002 est.): 40,998,000. Capital: Madrid. The people are predominantly Spanish, though there are populations of Basques, Catalans, and Roma (Gypsies). Languages: Castilian Spanish (official), Catalan, Galician, and Basque. Religion: Roman Catholicism. Currency: euro. Spain's large central plateau is surrounded by the Ebro River valley, the mountainous Catalonia region, the Mediterranean coastal region of Valencia, the Guadalquivir River valley, and the mountainous region extending from the Pyrenees to the Atlantic coast. Spain has a developed market economy based on services, light and heavy instries, and agriculture. Mineral resources include iron ore, mercury, and coal. Agricultural procts include grains and livestock. Spain is one of the world's major procers of wine and olive oil. Tourism is also a major instry, especially along the southern Costa del Sol. Remains of Stone Age populations dating back some 35,000 years have been found throughout Spain. Celtic peoples arrived in the 9th century BC, followed by the Romans, who dominated Spain from с 200 BC until the Visigoth invasion in the early 5th century AD. In the early 8th century most of the peninsula fell to Muslims (Moors) from North Africa, and it remained under their control until it was graally reconquered by the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Spain was reunited in 1479 following the marriage of Ferdinand II (of Aragon) and Isabella I (of Castile). The last Muslim kingdom, Granada, was reconquered in 1492, and about this time Spain established a colonial empire in the Americas. In 1516 the throne passed to the Habsburgs, whose rule ended in 1700 when Philip V became the first Bourbon king of Spain. His ascendancy caused the War of the Spanish Succession, which resulted in the loss of numerous European possessions and sparked revolution within most of Spain's American colonies. Spain lost its remaining overseas possessions to the U.S. in the Spanish-American War (1898). (See Cuba; Guam; Philippines; Puerto Rico.) Spain became a republic in 1931. The Spanish Civil War (1936–39) ended in victory for the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco, who ruled as a dictator until his death in 1975. His successor as head of state, Juan Carlos I, restored the monarchy with his accession to the throne; a new constitution in 1978 established a constitutional monarchy. Spain has two legislative houses; the chief of state is the king, and the head of government is the prime minister. Spain joined NATO in 1982 and the European Community in 1986. The 1992 quincentennial of Christopher Columbus's first voyage from Spain to the Americas was marked by a fair in Sevilla and the staging of the Olympic Games in Barcelona. In the 1990s Spain developed closer ties to other European countries but continued to suffer internally, as Basque separatists pressed their claims for independence and some continued a campaign of violence.
西班牙 [Spain]
正式名稱西班牙王國。
歐洲西南部國家。歐洲最大的國家之一，位於伊比利亞半島。也包括巴利阿里群島和加那利群島。面積：505,990平方千米。人口：40,144,000(2001)。首都：馬德里。西班牙人占人口的大多數，其他還有巴斯克人、加泰羅尼亞人和吉普賽人(羅姆人)。語言：卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語(官方語)、加泰羅尼亞語、加利西亞語和巴斯克語。宗教：天主教(2/3)和伊斯蘭教。貨幣：歐元。西班牙的大片中央高地可分為5個自然區：埃布羅河流域，加泰羅尼亞山區，巴倫西亞地中海沿岸地區，瓜達爾基維爾河流域和從比利牛斯山脈伸至大西洋沿岸的山區。西班牙發達的市場經濟主要以服務業、輕工業、重工業和農業為基礎。礦產資源包括鐵礦石、汞和煤。農產品有穀物和牲畜。西班牙也是世界主要的葡萄酒生產國之一。旅遊業也是西班牙的一個主要行業，尤其是在沿太陽海岸南部。西班牙為君主立憲政體，兩院制。國家元首是國王，政府首腦為總理。在西班牙境內各地曾發現約3.5萬年前石器時代的人類遺跡。公元前9世紀，凱爾特人來到這里，接著是羅馬人。自公元前200年，羅馬人統治了西班牙，直到5世紀初西哥特人入侵。8世紀初，半島大部分地區落入來自北非的穆斯林(摩爾人)手中，此後該地區一直由穆斯林控制，直到逐漸被卡斯蒂利亞和阿拉貢地區的基督教王國及葡萄牙重新佔領。隨著阿拉貢的費迪南德二世和卡斯蒂利亞的伊莎貝拉一世的成婚，西班牙於1479年統一。1492年，征服了最後穆斯林王國格拉納達。大約此時，西班牙也在美洲建立了殖民帝國。1516年將王位傳給哈布斯堡王朝。1700年，腓力五世成為西班牙第一個波旁國王，結束哈布斯堡王朝統治。腓力登基引發了西班牙王位繼承戰爭，結果喪失了許多歐洲屬地。戰爭的勝利使多數西班牙美洲殖民地的人民受到鼓舞，紛紛起來革命。在1898年的美西戰爭中，西班牙在海外所剩的屬地(參閱古巴[Cuba]、關島[Guam]、菲律賓[Philippines]和波多黎各[Puerto Rico])喪失給美國。1931年西班牙成為一個共和國。西班牙內戰(1936～1939)以由佛朗哥將軍領導下的國家主義者取得勝利而告終。佛朗哥獨裁統治至1975年去世。國家元首的繼承人――胡安・卡洛斯一世就任王位，恢復君主體制。1978年新憲法實行君主議會制。1982年加入北約。1986年加入歐洲共同體。1992年為紀念C.哥倫布從西班牙首航美洲500周年，西班牙在塞維利亞舉辦博覽會並在巴塞羅那舉辦奧林匹克運動會以示慶祝。20世紀90年代西班牙同其他歐洲國家發展了較密切的關系，不過，國內仍受到巴斯克分離主義者要求獨立的威脅。