文献的英语

❶ 这个参考文献用英文要怎么写

参考文献可以在网络学术中找到。

参考文献规范格式

一、参考文献的类型
参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.
【举例】
[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.
【举例】
[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.
[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.
7.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期
【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05
8.译著
【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
四、参考文献
参考文献与文中注（王小龙，2005）对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等 ，并列写出来。

最后，引用毕业论文属于学位论文，如格式5
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.

❷ “参考文献”翻译成英文怎么说谢谢

REFERENCE 和BIBLIOGRAPHY 都可以 具体看你参考文献方面有没有详细列明出处的第几页几段,如果明确的 那么用BIBLIOGRAPHY,反之用REFERENCE

❸ 英文文献

Multithreading computers have hardware support to efficiently execute multiple threads. These are distinguished from multiprocessing systems (such as multi-core systems) in that the threads have to share the resources of single core: the computing units, the CPU caches and the translation lookaside buffer (TLB). Where multiprocessing systems include multiple complete processing units, multithreading aims to increase utilization of a single core by leveraging thread-level as well as instruction-level parallelism. As the two techniques are complementary, they are sometimes combined in systems with multiple multithreading CPUs and in CPUs with multiple multithreading cores.

The Multithreading paradigm has become more popular as efforts to further exploit instruction level parallelism have stalled since the late-1990s. This allowed the concept of Throughput Computing to re-emerge to prominence from the more specialized field of transaction processing:

* Even though it is very difficult to further speed up a single thread or single program, most computer systems are actually multi-tasking among multiple threads or programs.
* Techniques that would allow speed up of the overall system throughput of all tasks would be a meaningful performance gain.

The two major techniques for throughput computing are multiprocessing and multithreading.
[edit] Advantages

Some advantages include:

* If a thread gets a lot of cache misses, the other thread(s) can continue, taking advantage of the unused computing resources, which thus can lead to faster overall execution, as these resources would have been idle if only a single thread was executed.
* If a thread can not use all the computing resources of the CPU (because instructions depend on each other's result), running another thread permits to not leave these idle.
* If several threads work on the same set of data, they can actually share their cache, leading to better cache usage or synchronization on its values.

[edit] Disadvantages

Some criticisms of multithreading include:

* Multiple threads can interfere with each other when sharing hardware resources such as caches or translation lookaside buffers (TLBs).
* Execution times of a single-thread are not improved but can be degraded, even when only one thread is executing. This is e to slower frequencies and/or additional pipeline stages that are necessary to accommodate thread-switching hardware.
* Hardware support for Multithreading is more visible to software, thus requiring more changes to both application programs and operating systems than Multiprocessing.

The mileage thus vary, Intel claims up to 30 percent benefits with its HyperThreading technology [1], a synthetic program just performing a loop of non-optimized dependent floating-point operations actually gets a 100 percent benefit when run in parallel. On the other hand, assembly-tuned programs using e.g. MMX or altivec extensions and performing data pre-fetches, such as good video encoders, do not suffer from cache misses or idle computing resources, and thus do not benefit from hardware multithreading and can indeed see degraded performance e to the contention on the shared resources.

Hardware techniques used to support multithreading often parallel the software techniques used for computer multitasking of computer programs.
[edit] Types of Multithreading
[edit] Block multi-threading
[edit] Concept

The simplest type of multi-threading is where one thread runs until it is blocked by an event that normally would create a long latency stall. Such a stall might be a cache-miss that has to access off-chip memory, which might take hundreds of CPU cycles for the data to return. Instead of waiting for the stall to resolve, a threaded processor would switch execution to another thread that was ready to run. Only when the data for the previous thread had arrived, would the previous thread be placed back on the list of ready-to-run threads.

For example:

1. Cycle i : instruction j from thread A is issued
2. Cycle i+1: instruction j+1 from thread A is issued
3. Cycle i+2: instruction j+2 from thread A is issued, load instruction which misses in all caches
4. Cycle i+3: thread scheler invoked, switches to thread B
5. Cycle i+4: instruction k from thread B is issued
6. Cycle i+5: instruction k+1 from thread B is issued

Conceptually, it is similar to cooperative multi-tasking used in real-time operating systems in which tasks voluntarily give up execution time when they need to wait upon some type of event.
[edit] Terminology

This type of multithreading is known as Block or Cooperative or Coarse-grained multithreading.
[edit] Hardware cost

The goal of multi-threading hardware support is to allow quick switching between a blocked thread and another thread ready to run. To achieve this goal, the hardware cost is to replicate the program visible registers as well as some processor control registers (such as the program counter). Switching from one thread to another thread means the hardware switches from using one register set to another.

Such additional hardware has these benefits:

* The thread switch can be done in one CPU cycle.
* It appears to each thread that they are executing alone and not sharing any hardware resources with any other threads. This minimizes the amount of software changes needed within the application as well as the operating system to support multithreading.

In order to switch efficiently between active threads, each active thread needs to have its own register set. For example, to quickly switch between two threads, the register hardware needs to be instantiated twice.
[edit] Examples

* Many families of microcontrollers and embedded processors have multiple register banks to allow quick context switching for interrupts. Such schemes can be considered a type of block multithreading among the user program thread and the interrupt threads.
* Intel Super-threading

[edit] Interleaved multi-threading

See article: barrel processor
[edit] Concept

A higher performance type of multithreading is where the processor switches threads every CPU cycle. For example:

1. Cycle i : an instruction from thread A is issued
2. Cycle i+1: an instruction from thread B is issued
3. Cycle i+2: an instruction from thread C is issued

The purpose of this type of multithreading is to remove all data dependency stalls from the execution pipeline. Since one thread is relatively independent from other threads, there's less chance of one instruction in one pipe stage needing an output from an older instruction in the pipeline.

Conceptually, it is similar to pre-emptive multi-tasking used in operating systems. One can make the analogy that the time-slice given to each active thread is one CPU cycle.
[edit] Terminology

This type of multithreading was first called Barrel processing, in which the staves of a barrel represent the pipeline stages and their executing threads. Interleaved or Pre-emptive or Fine-grained or time-sliced multithreading are more modern terminology.
[edit] Hardware costs

In addition to the hardware costs discussed in the Block type of multithreading, interleaved multithreading has an additional cost of each pipeline stage tracking the thread ID of the instruction it is processing. Also, since there are more threads being executed concurrently in the pipeline, shared resources such as caches and TLBs need to be larger to avoid thrashing between the different threads.
我觉的介绍的挺详细
有什么专业知识上的需求上维吉网络。

❹ 英文参考文献格式

英文引用及参考文献格式要求如下：

参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:

M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章

J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告

对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。

对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:

①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的首字母.

如:MalcolmRichardCowley为:Cowley,M.R.,

如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,

如: FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为:Norris,F.&I.Gordon.;

②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:MasteringEnglishLiterature, EnglishWeekly。

(4)文献的英语扩展阅读：

参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：

1、专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；

2、学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；

3、图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；

4、乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。

(4)文献的英语扩展阅读来源：网络_参考文献

❺ 文献 英语单词

literature.

这个词不只是“文学”的意思。还有“文献”之意。
documentory
也有“文献”的意思。

❻ 文献英语翻译

最佳可用技术这一术语，是在欧洲议会规章96/61EC上定义出来的，被认为是"在放射性发展和指示特殊技术的操作方法上最有效和高级的阶段，这项特殊技术从原则上为提供被设计用来防止和，在并不切实可行的情况下基本减少排放和从整体上对环境的影响的辐射限值依据的特定技术的实用适应性。
（这段文字的翻译，我稍微打乱了语序，因为里面的定语从句修饰成分比较多，我提炼之后翻译的，但是句意没有变化）

❼ 英文文献格式

[24] Allen, Richard S, Charles S. White, Margaret B. Takeda, Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States,[J]. 2004, 7-14.
Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States这貌似不是一本书吧，是他们的成就的表现。如果不是你就把这换成他们的书。

[25] Marylin M. Helms, A comparison, Compensation and Benefits Review [J]. 2004, 7-14.

[26] Andrews, Alice O,The effect of the chief executive officer’s financial orientation,[M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.

[27] Theresa M, Welbourne, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice [M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.

[28] Heneman, Robert L., Judith W. Tansky, Sheng Wang , Compensation practices in small entrepreneurial and high-growth companies in the United States and China,[M],2002,13-22

[29]Zhong-Ming Wang, Compensation and Benefits Review,[M],2002,13-22
希望有帮助。呵呵

你看看，对你有帮助：

毕业论文参考文献规范格式

一、参考文献的类型
参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.
【举例】
[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.
【举例】
[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.
[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.
7.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期
【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05
8.译著
【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
四、参考文献
参考文献与文中注（王小龙，2005）对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等 ，并列写出来。

❽ 参考文献的英文翻译

人们处理信息的方式有两种： （一）系统的控制和（ b ）自动。控制信息处理中使用新型的情况下，很少有以往的经验回落的。这里的信息是积极争取和认真处理，使高品质的决定。这种类型的决策往往是定性为“合理” （ SIM卡与Cioia ， 1986年） 。模型的合理决策，如期望理论（隆， 1964年）往往在工作以及会计行为的非例行的情况（例如，选择了职业生涯） ，但不那么在试图解释日常行为，如持续的性能水平（ 基翁 ， 1983 ） 。一旦积累经验，尤其决定或任务，系统决策过程让位给依赖于自动程序使用建立心智模式和套路。首次厨师准备一盘涉及非常不同的信息处理时间比100 。心智模式的组织知识系统的方式是架构。架构组织经验有意义的方式，并有可能为人们处理含糊不清的练习方法和预测未来会发生什么。如果人们有经验，旅游，营销或损坏的控制，有架构的规划访问，引进新产品，或突发性坏消息。一旦形成模式，有少审查目前的事实和情况，并更多地依靠什么是已知的。
合同是一种架构开发的经验。它可能会产生的控制，合理的程序（例如，什么是在这对我来说，有什么证据可以表明我可以信任的另一方） ，但一旦建立，合同变得更加自动化。新来的资产负债表和退伍军人心理公司展示了两套不同的模式（合同）并存的基础上是否被聘用的人在20世纪70年代或90年代。由于是一个伟大的趋势继续合同，人民的架构形式稳定和预测未来的行为。人们不一定努力改变模式。人民艰苦奋斗的拟合经验到它们。变更校董会被通过镜头的每一个成员的合同搁置

❾ 文献调查的英文怎么说

[表达形式]
document survey；literature survey; literature search;

[例句]
我的学习研究包括广泛的文献调查和与首席专家的通讯联系。
My study has included an extensive literature search plus correspondence with leading specialists.

❿ 参考文献用英语怎么说

references

参考书目 [简明汉英词典]
bibliography
bibliography [简明英汉词典]
n.(有关一个题目或一个人的)书目, 参考书目

A list of the works of a specific author or publisher.
书目，目录索引：某一作者或出版商的作品目录
A list of writings relating to a given subject:
专题目录：某一给定主题的作品目录：
a bibliography of Latin American history.
拉丁美洲历史的书目
A list of writings used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work.
作者参考书目：某一作者在准备某一著作时用到或参考的作品目录
The description and identification of the editions, dates of issue, authorship, and typography of books or other written material.
书籍或其它作品的版本、发行日期、著者和印刷的分类和鉴定
A compilation of such information.
上述信息的编辑

bibliography
[bIblI5R^rEfI]
n.
-phies
文献学；书籍学
参考书目