土木专业英语

『壹』 请教土木工程专业英语翻译

而混凝土材料技术先进，大大超过近50年来，在计算力学和流体性质，收缩裂缝持续，是一个重大问题，如果没有一个完整的解决方案。这一章规定，就有关细节机制微尺度收缩与发展收缩应力对散装规模在干燥混凝土，并说明了如何相对湿度测量，可用于量化收缩应力。最近的研究侧重于衡量内部相对湿度的混凝土和现有系统测量束缚应激发展，是总结。自收缩模型，把内部相对湿度测量概述类似模型预测的应力应变梯度在干燥混凝土用相对湿度。研究提高了我们的认识，如何干缩应力梯度启动微裂纹对干燥的表面混凝土结构及行人道。

很多的耐久性问题困扰着混凝土路面和结构都依赖于免费浸入或流动的水。混凝土裂缝能的能力进一步提高，水分自由移动，在具体的，不断增加的风险，为耐久性问题，如腐蚀，硫酸攻击，碱硅酸反应。
混凝土开裂往往是诱发内部讲，而不是一个外加负载。内部诱导应力（即物质诱导应力）时，所产生的变化，在平衡量的物质，是克制。一些物质诱导量的变化有助于应力积累，并最终混凝土裂缝。这些措施包括对外干缩，内部干燥（自体）的收缩，热膨胀，碳化收缩，与结晶压力。
内部和外部的干燥收缩和热膨胀，是从根本上关系到内部相对湿度（ RH ） 。本文将详细讨论基本机制的背后RH和干燥收缩年龄讲（内部和外部干燥） ，在具体的。特别是，依据，为开尔文和拉普拉斯方程在早期收缩应力的发展是。研究人员已经提交了研究结果，利用开尔文-拉普拉斯关系，为早期收缩研究。完整的推导都开尔文和拉普拉斯方程是包括在这项审查的基础上，有用的，这种关系在收缩建模。
希望大家能有意识地塑造一个令身边人喜欢的性格。

『贰』 土木工程专业英语 一篇翻译

对不起 我不善于这个专业的翻译 这两天忙也没时间翻译

『叁』 土木工程专业英语 英翻中

结构工程。在这个专业里，它包含了所有的土木结构的规划和设计，有桥梁、水坝、发电厂、设备支撑、海上特殊结构、美国航天项目、 发射塔、巨型天文望远镜及许多其不同的项目。结构工程师利用计算机来确定一个结构的强度必须承受其自重、风载、建筑材料在温度变化下的热涨冷缩以及地震。他们同时要确定适当的材料：包括钢材、水泥、塑料、石材、沥青、砖、铝和其它建筑材料。

『肆』 请教土木工程专业英语的翻译

The composition of a gravel deposit砾石沉积物 reflects not only the source rocks母岩 of the area from which it was derived

but is also influenced by the agents responsible for its formation and the climatic regime in which it was or is being

deposited .
砾石沉积物的含量可以反映出母岩区岩石类型,风化和相互作用的条件,沉积环境以及其形成时的古气候。
The latter two factors have a varying tendency to rece the proportion of unstable material.
后两个因素往往会极大地影响其组成含量的比率。
Relief地貌 also influences the nature of a gravel deposit,for example ,gravel proction under low relief is small and the

pebbles tend to the chemically inert resies残余物 such as vein quartz脉石英 ,quartzite石英岩, chert黑硅石 and flint燧石.By

contrast high relief and rapid erosion侵蚀 yield coarse ,immature gravels.
地貌也会影响砾石沉积物的性质。比如说，来自低地貌的砾石往往较小，而且搀杂残余物如脉石英、石英岩、黑硅石和燧石。而来自高地貌的

砾石由于受严重侵蚀，往往表面粗糙，产生不成熟的砾石，与此形成鲜明的对比。

Sands consist of a loose mixture of mineral grains and rock fragments岩石碎片. Generally they tend to be dominated by a few

minerals , the chief of which is quartz .
沙中含有各种混合物如矿粒和岩石碎片。慢慢地，其中几种矿物占据主导地位，主要是脉石英。
There is a presumed dearth缺乏 of material in those grades transitional to gravel on the one hand and silt on the other (see

Glossop and Skempton ).Stands vary appreciably有一点 in their textural maturity.
一方面，矿粒在演变成砾石过程中（......),另一方面,变成淤泥。在组成结构逐渐成熟过程中，（）有一点改变。

(最后一段不是很理解）

『伍』 土木工程专业英语全文翻译

Introction to Civil Engineering Papers

Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.
People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.
The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.
The application of a large number of steel procts is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.
From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical instry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ctility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then proce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the graal emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.
From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.
During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel proction, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.
Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.
In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and proction. Later, in order to adapt to the war, proction and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.
Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.
After the instrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of instrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.
Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, graally formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the graally developed into a science.
In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.
Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .

『陆』 翻译土木工程专业英语，多谢了

7．The在18世纪开始和在我们自己的天仍然继续的运输系统的突然的扩展，极大地增加了对桥梁的需要当高速公路和铁路的零件。 改善在结构被施加，并且改善的材料变得可利用在19世纪做了它可能的被修筑的越来越更长和更强的桥梁对力量的理解。 以能力跨过长距离的几个重的码头的可以主要消灭石工曲拱桥梁的damlike作用与阻拦小河的流程。
被加强的和钢筋混凝土的8．The发展给了工程师桥梁工程的其他重要材料。 混凝土特别为相对地是高速公路系统的部分的短的间距桥梁使用了。 这些桥梁经常使用预制混凝土射线。 许多曲拱桥梁也被修建了混凝土。 目前，最长的具体曲拱桥梁是Gladesville桥梁在悉尼，澳洲。 它有305米间距，并且它的甲板在曲拱之上。 这是一座审美取悦的桥梁的另一个例子。
桥梁的确每座单独桥梁的9．Each类型，提出特用型式问题。 使用一些桁架桥，在码头被架设了然后被上升了入地方通过起重器或起重机之后，间距漂浮入位置。 曲拱桥梁可以被修建在脚手架或者临时脚手架。 这个方法通常使用与钢筋混凝土曲拱桥梁。 钢曲拱，然而，技术被开发了完成的部分由提供悬臂式支持的导线的地方固定。 当在缆绳的紧张增加时，起重机沿曲拱的上面移动向钢的地方新的部分。
挖洞的10．The通常技术通过硬岩是对钻孔在标题面前。 孔充满起爆的炸药，在工作者和设备被撤出对安全距离之后。 在发烟和以后岩尘在传送带安定了，爆炸减少的岩石被去除，经常。 在许多项目，在隧道的充分的直径被挖掘之前，象Simplon，例如，一个小试验隧道驾驶。 这个技术帮助工程师确定隧道穿过岩石的地质特点，以便许多困难可以被期望。 有时，在主要隧道的工作在试验隧道之后进步一些米，以便后者提供透气，总是在挖洞操作的一个重大问题

『柒』 土木工程专业英语（英译汉）

组合砌体的辅助测来试确定组自合砌体的抗压强度，一系列五块未用钢筋加固的混凝土棱柱，已经在美国材料试验协会（2002c）规定的方式测试过。为了使细长度的影响达到最小化的目的，它们决定通过提供均步应力区，建造一个五块长、五块宽的棱柱。以使棱柱成为真实情况下在墙上最好的典型。（Drysdale and Hamid 2005）。每个棱柱的变上都会发生标距为600mm的轴向形变，这是通过位移功能变换器（电位计）获得的，而记录和外加负载连续的施加在破坏点上。

『捌』 土木工程专业英语翻译

1.城市运输系统是城市地区社会经济系统的一个组成部分。
A city transportation system is an integral part of a city’s socioeconomic system.
2.从20世纪20年代以来，公共交通使用显著减少，而私人汽车使用急剧增加。
Since the 1920s, the use of the public transportation system has been decreased drastically while the use of the private vehicles has been increased sharply.
3.结构设计包括确定结构的最佳比例和给定其组成要素及细节的尺寸。
An architectural design includes determining the optimum ratio and finalizing on the measurements of any of its given comprising elements and the details.
4.在斜拉设计中，需要考虑桥梁与周围环境相协调。
A cable-stayed bridge design should take into consideration the harmonious relationship between the bridge and its ambient environment.
5.水文分析和水文设计是解决地面排水问题的两个基本步骤。
Hydrological analyses and designs are the two basic steps in solving the drainage problem on a road surface.

『玖』 土木工程专业英语翻译!

如表1所示，在先期固结压力的软粘土得到巩固试验是78和120的深度为4.9和一十一点○米分别。相应的过度巩固比率（光学字符识别）是1.6深度为4.9米和1.1在深度11.0米这些光学字符识别价值的建议略有overconsolidated条件较浅和密切的一个综合条件，通常附近地层底部。许多研究人员建议，所有的老粘土沉积，一般认为正常的巩固，已经略有overconsolidated由于老化和长期蠕变过程缓慢数千年历史的地层，从而降低孔隙比下不断覆盖压力。这通常是超条件并不明显，因为影响的样品干扰。结果列于表1提供了一个基础，选择设计参数用于解决和巩固分析设计的燃料箱的基础。

3设计考虑

调查结果表明，土壤底层油箱网站Attawapiskat薄弱和可压缩。在文献中，有大量的案例研究中，燃料箱成功构建了对软，可压缩的基础，只要改善了地基土充分。地基土往往是通过改善安装预制垂直排水管，以增加稳定性，并减少解决。案例研究还表明，断裂的坦克，可能会出现由于基础不稳定和/或严重扭曲的坦克由于不均匀沉降。失败的油箱可能会导致潜在的环境破坏，由于燃料泄漏和经济损失，由于坦克的损害和影响的项目时间表和行动。基金会的稳定和巩固解决的主要设计考虑。时间限制也是一个重要因素的设计考虑。为维克多项目，总的施工进度要求，油箱农场应建设和准备的燃料供应的6个月内。

『拾』 土木工程专业英语翻译 段兵延

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