心血管英語

Ⅰ 心血管英文怎麼翻譯

心血管 cardiovascular
心血管專業 cardiovasology

Ⅱ 心血管，RCA是什麼意思

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冠狀動脈造影 聽語音

本詞條由好大夫在線提供內容並參與編輯
冠狀動脈造影是診斷冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病（冠心病）的一種常用而且有效的方法，是一種較為安全可靠的有創診斷技術，現已廣泛應用於臨床，被認為是診斷冠心病的「金標准」。
簡介 聽語音
1959年美國克利夫蘭醫學中心的兒科醫師Sones為一個有主動脈病變的患者做心臟造影的時候，利用特製的頭端呈弧形的造影導管，誤經肱動脈逆行送入主動脈根部，並將導管遠端分別置於左、右冠狀動脈口，將約30ml的造影劑直接注入左、右冠狀動脈內而使其清晰顯影，令人驚訝的是，患者並沒有像預期的那樣發生室顫，因為在這之前醫療界普遍認為向冠狀動脈里注射造影劑是非常危險的（會引起室顫），從而開創了選擇性冠狀動脈造影術。1964年，Sones完成了第一例經肱動脈切開的冠狀動脈造影術。1967年，Judkins採用穿刺股動脈的方法進行選擇性冠狀動脈造影，使這一技術進一步完善並得以廣泛推廣應用。
目前冠狀動脈造影是診斷冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病（冠心病）的一種常用而且有效的方法。選擇性冠狀動脈造影就是利用血管造影機（圖1），通過特製定型的心導管經皮穿刺入下肢股動脈，沿降主動脈逆行至升主動脈根部，然後探尋左或右冠狀動脈口插入，注入造影劑，使冠狀動脈顯影（圖2、圖3）。這樣就可清楚地將整個左或右冠狀動脈的主幹及其分支的血管腔顯示出來，可以了解血管有無狹窄病灶存在，對病變部位、范圍、嚴重程度、血管壁的情況等作出明確診斷，決定治療方案（介入、手術或內科治療），還可用來判斷療效。這是一種較為安全可靠的有創診斷技術，現已廣泛應用於臨床，被認為是診斷冠心病的「金標准」。但近年自冠狀動脈內超聲顯像技術（IVUS）、光學干涉斷層成像技術（OCT）等逐步在臨床應用，發現部分在冠狀動脈造影中顯示正常的血管段存在內膜增厚或斑塊，但由於IVUS等檢查費用較為昂貴，操作較為復雜，現在並不是常規檢查手段。
3張
冠狀動脈造影簡介
冠狀動脈造影術是十分安全的手術方法。目前已經位居全美手術量第一位，手術平均死亡率低於0.1%。
冠狀動脈的正常解剖 聽語音
冠狀動脈走行在心臟表面，環繞心臟分布，立體形態類似樹狀，有許多大小不同的分支，但個體差異大，行走方向各異。正常冠狀動脈主要有兩大分支，即左冠狀動脈和右冠狀動脈，左冠狀動脈主幹（LM）起源於升主動脈左後方的左冠竇，行至前室間溝時分為前降支（LAD）和左迴旋支（LCX），也可能在兩者之間發出中間支。前降支通常供應部分左室、右室前壁及室間隔前2/3的血液，其分支分別向三個方向發出，即對角支（D）、右室前支、室間隔支。左迴旋支主要供應左心房壁、左心室外側壁、左心室前後壁的一部分。主要分支有鈍緣支（OM）。右冠狀動脈(RCA)開口於升主動脈右前方的右冠竇，供應右心房、右心室前壁與心臟膈面的大部分心肌。主要分支有後降支（PD）、左室後支（PL）等（圖4、圖5）。

Ⅲ 心臟血管字母

（1）心臟有四個腔：左心房、右心房、左心室、右心室．只有心房與心室是相通的，心臟的左右是不相通的，左心房連通肺靜脈，右心房連通上下腔靜脈，左心室連通主動脈，右心室連通肺動脈．d是上腔靜脈、A是左心房、B是左心室、C是右心房、D是右心室；
（2）血液循環分為體循環和肺循環，如圖所示：

體循環：血液由左心室流入主動脈、再流經全身的動脈、毛細血管，靜脈最後匯集到上、下腔靜脈，流回右心房的循環．經過體循環，鮮紅的動脈血變成暗紅的靜脈血．肺循環：血液由右心室流入肺動脈，再流經肺部的毛細血管網，最後由肺靜脈流回左心房的循環．經過肺循環，暗紅的靜脈血又變成了鮮紅的動脈血．因此右心房、右心室里流動的是靜脈血．與右心房相連的上、下腔靜脈里流的是靜脈血，與右心室相連的肺動脈里流的也是靜脈血；左心房、左心室里流動的是動脈血．與左心房相連的肺靜脈里流的是動脈血，與左心室相連的主動脈里流的也是動脈血；
（3）房室瓣和動脈瓣保證了血液能按一定的方向流動，即心房→心室→動脈，血液在心臟與血管里只能按一定方向流動，是因為圖中f房室瓣只能向D右心室開；
（4）由（2）可知：肺循環開始於圖中D右心室，終止於圖中A左心房；
（5）由（2）可知，體循環的路線為：左心室→主動脈→全身各級動脈→全身各處毛細血管→全身各級靜脈→上、下腔靜脈→右心房→右心室．經過體循環，血液由動脈血變為靜脈血；肺循環的路線為：右心室→肺動脈→肺部毛細血管→肺靜脈→左心房，所以血液由c→A→B→a．
故答案為：
（1）上腔靜脈；左心房；右心室；右心房；
（2）主動脈和肺靜脈；肺動脈、上腔靜脈和下腔靜脈；
（3）房室瓣；D右心室；
（4）D右心室；A左心房；
（5）c→A→B→a．

Ⅳ 冠狀動脈分支及英文縮寫是什麼

1、前降支（LAD）：走行於前室間溝。起自左主幹。

2、後降支（PDA）：走行於後室間溝。94%起自右冠狀動脈，6%起自左旋支。

3、左旋支（LCx）：走行於左冠狀溝。起自左主幹。

4、右冠脈（RCA）：走行於右冠狀溝。起自主動脈竇（正常為右前竇）。

5、左室前支：分布於左心室前面。一般為細小的分支，部分起自前降支，部分起自左旋支。

6、左室後支（PLV）：分布於左室後面。為右旋支的分支（或延續）。

7、右室前支：分布於右室前面。大部分起自右冠狀動脈，小部分起自前降支。

8、銳緣支（AM）：走行於心臟銳緣。起自右冠狀動脈。

9、鈍緣支（OM）：走行於心臟鈍緣。起自左旋支。

(4)心血管英語擴展閱讀：

其他縮寫：

1、腦卒中（stroke）：又稱腦血管意外（cerebral vascular accident，CVA）

是指急性起病，症狀持續時間至少24小時，由腦局部血液循環障礙所致的神經功能缺損綜合征。

2、顱腦損傷（traumatic brain injury，TBI）：

被定義為「由外力導致腦功能發生改變或者出現腦病理學變化跡象」，即指由於頭部受到鈍力或銳器作用力後出現腦部功能的改變，如思維混亂、意識水平的改變、癲癇發作、昏迷、局部感覺或運動神經功能的缺損。

3、脊髓損傷（spinal cord injury，SCI）：

是指由外傷、疾病等不同原因引起的脊髓結構和功能損害，導致損傷平面以下運動、感覺、大小便、自主神經功能的障礙，是一種嚴重的致殘性疾病。

Ⅳ 心血管事件的英文簡稱是什麼

MACE

Ⅵ 心血管的英文論文以及翻譯

Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased graally, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients.
CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / (min.1.73m2)> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / (min.1.73m2) renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / (min.1.73m2) will need dialysis treatment.

GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水鈉瀦留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水鈉瀦留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, ring dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease.

1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease

Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / (min.1.73m2) at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that e to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can rece chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1].

In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same.

And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to rece CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance.

1.1 Failure cardiovascular disease

CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure.

1.2 Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation

Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion.

1.3 of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy

Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria indivial a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis.

1.4 Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease

We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of recing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members

翻譯.. 慢性腎病是心血管疾病的危險因素

慢性腎病（CKD）是值得廣泛關注的公共健康，發病率逐漸上升，同時帶來了嚴重的後果和問題。我們注意到腎衰病人的主要是透析和腎移植，但是很少有學者關注CKD與心血管疾病（CVD）的關系。現已認為CKD也與CVD有關，且比急性進展中的腎功能衰竭更容易死於心血管疾病，CVD是 CKD最常見的死亡原因〔1〕。認識到CKD是CVD的高危因素這一點，是很重要的。只有這樣，才有可能進行深入，進而尋求相關的預防和治療措施，使這些病人獲得更大益處。
CKD是指由腎活檢或有關的標志物證實的腎功損害＞3個月，或GFR＜60ml/（min.1.73m2）＞3個月。一般依據病和病因學分為糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植後腎病。腎功能損害可通過腎活檢或相關的標志物如蛋白尿、異常尿沉積物、影像學異常等來診斷。蛋白尿不僅可以證明CKD的存在，亦可成為腎病類型診斷的重要依據，並與腎臟疾病的嚴重程度和心血管疾病的有關。尿白蛋白與肌酐比率或總蛋白與肌酐比率可用於評估蛋白尿。GFR＜60ml/（min.1.73m2）作為腎功損害的臨界值，該水平GFR往往預示腎衰的開始，其中也包括增加心血管疾病的發生及危險程度。GFR＜15ml/（min.1.73m2）則需要透析治療。

GKD尤其是終末腎病（ESRD）患者，CVD危險明顯增加，一般通過血管樹來實現的。ESRD與動脈粥樣硬化可能互為因果關系，一方面粥樣硬化加速腎病進展，另一方面ESRD惡化是許多傳統粥樣硬化的危險因素〔2〕。一般而言，CVD的基本類型是血管疾病和心肌病，血管疾病的兩種亞型是動脈粥樣硬化和大血管重塑，而CKD對這兩種亞型均有作用。動脈粥樣硬化主要以斑塊形成和閉塞為主，CKD中動脈粥樣硬化發生率很高而且范圍更廣，彌漫的粥樣硬化明顯增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速腎功能惡化。動脈粥樣硬化可導致動脈壁基質增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中，缺血性心臟病如心絞痛、心梗和猝死，以及腦血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比較常見的。最初認為透析病人出現缺血性心臟病可能繼發於容易超載、左室肥厚和小動脈病變，導致氧供減少。但是後來的研究發現，在前促紅素區域，血紅蛋白水平低，說明亦可能與缺血有關。CKD病人大血管重塑發生率亦較高，血管重塑可導致壓力超載，通過管壁增厚和管壁與內腔比值增高或者流量超載來實現，但主要以增加的管壁直徑和厚度為主。血管重塑常常使動脈順應性下降，導致收縮壓增加、脈壓增大、左室肥厚和冠脈灌注減少〔3，4〕。動脈順應性下降和脈壓增大均為透析病人心血管疾病（CVD）的獨立危險因素〔5〕。由於透析期間水鈉瀦留可通過超濾得到治療，透析病人心衰的診斷比較困難，但血壓下降、疲勞、食慾減退等徵象，可作為心衰診斷的重要線索；另一方面，水鈉瀦留更能反映超濾不合適，而不是心衰或心衰合並超濾不恰當。實際上，透析期間超濾不合適的原因之一就是高血壓，往往提示心衰。因此，心衰是透析病人預後不良的重要指標，這往往提示病人心血管疾病正在進展。

1 慢性腎病的心血管疾病危險因素

眾所周知，患腎臟疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加，很大程度上歸因於腎病所致的高血壓、血脂異常和貧血，但可能導致粥樣斑塊破裂的原因還不是很清楚。輕到中度CKD病人血管事件危險明顯增高，而當GFR＜45ml/（min.1.73m2）時這種危險更大。近期有關研究認為因 ACEI（如卡托普利等）可降低慢性腎病病人心梗後的危險，如沒有明顯禁忌證，建議常規〔6〕。而在一般情況下，慢性腎病應用ACEI或ARBs治療要慎重，既要了解應用的益處，又要考慮到血壓、腎功能、血電解質變化和可能的葯物間相互作用，如出現腎功能下降、血鉀增高等就必須停葯〔1〕。

在CKD中把CVD的危險因素分為傳統和非傳統兩種，傳統的危險因素主要指用於評估有症狀缺血性心臟病的因素，如年齡、糖尿病、收縮性高血壓、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等，這些因素與心血管疾病的關系與一般人是一致的。

而界定非傳統危險因素需要滿足如下條件：（1）促進CVD發展的生物學方面的合理性；（2）危險因素升高與腎病嚴重程度相關的證據；（3）揭示CKD中CVD與危險因素關系的相關證據；（4）有對照組中危險因素經治療後CVD降低的證據。目前已確定的非傳統危險因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化應激、異常脂血症、與粥樣硬化有關的增高的炎症標志物〔7〕。近來研究發現，透析病人氧化應激和炎症標志物水平明顯高於一般人群。氧化應激和炎症有可能成為基本的介質，而其他因素如貧血與心肌病有關，鈣磷代謝異常與血管重塑和血管順應性下降有關。

1.1 腎衰中心血管疾病

透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10～30倍，而出現急性心梗和心衰後致死率很高，心梗後1～2年死亡率達59%～73%，明顯高於一般人群，而Worcester heart Attack研究發現，有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗後仍存活2年以上。同時血液透析病人動脈粥樣硬化、心衰和左室肥厚發生率異常增高，有接近40%的病人出現缺血性心臟病或心衰。

1.2 腎移植後心血管疾病

腎移植病人中有35%～50%因CVD死亡，CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍，但明顯低於血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受腎移植後免除了與透析有關的血流動力學異常和毒素異常。腎移植後CVD的危險因素是多重的，既包括傳統因素如高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚，亦有與GFR 下降有關的非傳統因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。

1.3 糖尿病腎病的心血管疾病

糖尿病腎病的早期主要表現為微量白蛋白尿，與心血管疾病進展有關。盡管1型糖尿病病人血壓正常，但在24h監測中發現夜間存在 「Nondipping」模式，可能導致微量白蛋白尿。「Nondipping」是已確認的心血管疾病的危險因素，伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出現血脂異常、血糖難以控制和血壓升高。有關研究已證實微量白蛋白尿與CVD有明確關系，在兩種類型糖尿病中均存在，但由於年齡因素在2型糖尿病中更顯著。現已認為微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病預後和其他致死因素的危險指標，可通過如下觀點來解釋：（1）微量白蛋白尿個體傳統危險因素發生率更高；（2）微量白蛋白尿能反映內皮功能異常、血管滲透性增加、凝血纖溶系統異常；（3）與炎症標志物有關；（4）更易出現終末器官損害。最近Prior研究認為高血壓與血管內皮功能異常有關，因此在這類病人中可能進一步加重內皮損害。但有關機制不完全清楚，目前認為可能與L-精氨酸轉運至內皮細胞受到損害有關，進而導致細胞內合成NO的基質缺乏。

1.4 非糖尿病性腎病的心血管疾病

我們主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作為慢性腎病的標志，同時認為蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要，因為無論是否存在糖尿病，腎病綜合征均存在與心血管疾病有關的異常改變，如嚴重高脂血症和高凝血狀態等，這就說明降低蛋白尿具有重要意義。目前我們把危險人群分為3組，已經患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作為高危人群；具有CVD傳統的易患因素如高血壓、年齡等作為中危人群；將社區人員稱為低危人群

Ⅶ 心血管疾病 用英語怎麼說

Heart and blood vessel disease 心血管疾病