文獻的英語

❶ 這個參考文獻用英文要怎麼寫

參考文獻可以在網路學術中找到。

參考文獻規范格式

一、參考文獻的類型
參考文獻（即引文出處）的類型以單字母方式標識，具體如下：
M——專著 C——論文集 N——報紙文章
J——期刊文章 D——學位論文 R——報告
對於不屬於上述的文獻類型，採用字母「Z」標識。
對於英文參考文獻，還應注意以下兩點：
①作者姓名採用「姓在前名在後」原則，具體格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 應為：Cowley, M.R.，如果有兩位作者，第一位作者方式不變，&之後第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在後面，如：Frank Norris 與Irving Gordon應為：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；
②書名、報刊名使用斜體字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、參考文獻的格式及舉例
1.期刊類
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷號（期號）：起止頁碼.
【舉例】
[1] 王海粟.淺議會計信息披露模式[J].財政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
[2] 夏魯惠.高等學校畢業論文教學情況調研報告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.專著類
【格式】[序號]作者.書名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止頁碼.
【舉例】[4] 葛家澍，林志軍.現代西方財務會計理論[M].廈門：廈門大學出版社，2001：42.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.報紙類
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[N].報紙名，出版日期（版次）.
【舉例】
[6] 李大倫.經濟全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日報，1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.論文集
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始頁碼.
【舉例】
[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文論選[C]. 上海：上海譯文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. 「Can the Subaltern Speak?」[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.
[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher』s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
5.學位論文
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始頁碼.
【舉例】
[11] 張築生.微分半動力系統的不變集[D].北京：北京大學數學系數學研究所, 1983：1-7.
6.研究報告
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始頁碼.
【舉例】
[12] 馮西橋.核反應堆壓力管道與壓力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清華大學核能技術設計研究院, 1997：9-10.
7.條例
【格式】[序號]頒布單位.條例名稱.發布日期
【舉例】[15] 中華人民共和國科學技術委員會.科學技術期刊管理辦法[Z].1991—06—05
8.譯著
【格式】[序號]原著作者. 書名[M].譯者，譯.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止頁碼.
三、注釋
注釋是對論文正文中某一特定內容的進一步解釋或補充說明。注釋前面用圈碼①、②、③等標識。
四、參考文獻
參考文獻與文中注（王小龍，2005）對應。標號在標點符號內。多個都需要標注出來，而不是1-6等等 ，並列寫出來。

最後，引用畢業論文屬於學位論文，如格式5
5.學位論文
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始頁碼.
【舉例】
[11] 張築生.微分半動力系統的不變集[D].北京：北京大學數學系數學研究所, 1983：1-7.

❷ 「參考文獻」翻譯成英文怎麼說謝謝

REFERENCE 和BIBLIOGRAPHY 都可以 具體看你參考文獻方面有沒有詳細列明出處的第幾頁幾段,如果明確的 那麼用BIBLIOGRAPHY,反之用REFERENCE

❸ 英文文獻

Multithreading computers have hardware support to efficiently execute multiple threads. These are distinguished from multiprocessing systems (such as multi-core systems) in that the threads have to share the resources of single core: the computing units, the CPU caches and the translation lookaside buffer (TLB). Where multiprocessing systems include multiple complete processing units, multithreading aims to increase utilization of a single core by leveraging thread-level as well as instruction-level parallelism. As the two techniques are complementary, they are sometimes combined in systems with multiple multithreading CPUs and in CPUs with multiple multithreading cores.

The Multithreading paradigm has become more popular as efforts to further exploit instruction level parallelism have stalled since the late-1990s. This allowed the concept of Throughput Computing to re-emerge to prominence from the more specialized field of transaction processing:

* Even though it is very difficult to further speed up a single thread or single program, most computer systems are actually multi-tasking among multiple threads or programs.
* Techniques that would allow speed up of the overall system throughput of all tasks would be a meaningful performance gain.

The two major techniques for throughput computing are multiprocessing and multithreading.
[edit] Advantages

Some advantages include:

* If a thread gets a lot of cache misses, the other thread(s) can continue, taking advantage of the unused computing resources, which thus can lead to faster overall execution, as these resources would have been idle if only a single thread was executed.
* If a thread can not use all the computing resources of the CPU (because instructions depend on each other's result), running another thread permits to not leave these idle.
* If several threads work on the same set of data, they can actually share their cache, leading to better cache usage or synchronization on its values.

[edit] Disadvantages

Some criticisms of multithreading include:

* Multiple threads can interfere with each other when sharing hardware resources such as caches or translation lookaside buffers (TLBs).
* Execution times of a single-thread are not improved but can be degraded, even when only one thread is executing. This is e to slower frequencies and/or additional pipeline stages that are necessary to accommodate thread-switching hardware.
* Hardware support for Multithreading is more visible to software, thus requiring more changes to both application programs and operating systems than Multiprocessing.

The mileage thus vary, Intel claims up to 30 percent benefits with its HyperThreading technology [1], a synthetic program just performing a loop of non-optimized dependent floating-point operations actually gets a 100 percent benefit when run in parallel. On the other hand, assembly-tuned programs using e.g. MMX or altivec extensions and performing data pre-fetches, such as good video encoders, do not suffer from cache misses or idle computing resources, and thus do not benefit from hardware multithreading and can indeed see degraded performance e to the contention on the shared resources.

Hardware techniques used to support multithreading often parallel the software techniques used for computer multitasking of computer programs.
[edit] Types of Multithreading
[edit] Block multi-threading
[edit] Concept

The simplest type of multi-threading is where one thread runs until it is blocked by an event that normally would create a long latency stall. Such a stall might be a cache-miss that has to access off-chip memory, which might take hundreds of CPU cycles for the data to return. Instead of waiting for the stall to resolve, a threaded processor would switch execution to another thread that was ready to run. Only when the data for the previous thread had arrived, would the previous thread be placed back on the list of ready-to-run threads.

For example:

1. Cycle i : instruction j from thread A is issued
2. Cycle i+1: instruction j+1 from thread A is issued
3. Cycle i+2: instruction j+2 from thread A is issued, load instruction which misses in all caches
4. Cycle i+3: thread scheler invoked, switches to thread B
5. Cycle i+4: instruction k from thread B is issued
6. Cycle i+5: instruction k+1 from thread B is issued

Conceptually, it is similar to cooperative multi-tasking used in real-time operating systems in which tasks voluntarily give up execution time when they need to wait upon some type of event.
[edit] Terminology

This type of multithreading is known as Block or Cooperative or Coarse-grained multithreading.
[edit] Hardware cost

The goal of multi-threading hardware support is to allow quick switching between a blocked thread and another thread ready to run. To achieve this goal, the hardware cost is to replicate the program visible registers as well as some processor control registers (such as the program counter). Switching from one thread to another thread means the hardware switches from using one register set to another.

Such additional hardware has these benefits:

* The thread switch can be done in one CPU cycle.
* It appears to each thread that they are executing alone and not sharing any hardware resources with any other threads. This minimizes the amount of software changes needed within the application as well as the operating system to support multithreading.

In order to switch efficiently between active threads, each active thread needs to have its own register set. For example, to quickly switch between two threads, the register hardware needs to be instantiated twice.
[edit] Examples

* Many families of microcontrollers and embedded processors have multiple register banks to allow quick context switching for interrupts. Such schemes can be considered a type of block multithreading among the user program thread and the interrupt threads.
* Intel Super-threading

[edit] Interleaved multi-threading

See article: barrel processor
[edit] Concept

A higher performance type of multithreading is where the processor switches threads every CPU cycle. For example:

1. Cycle i : an instruction from thread A is issued
2. Cycle i+1: an instruction from thread B is issued
3. Cycle i+2: an instruction from thread C is issued

The purpose of this type of multithreading is to remove all data dependency stalls from the execution pipeline. Since one thread is relatively independent from other threads, there's less chance of one instruction in one pipe stage needing an output from an older instruction in the pipeline.

Conceptually, it is similar to pre-emptive multi-tasking used in operating systems. One can make the analogy that the time-slice given to each active thread is one CPU cycle.
[edit] Terminology

This type of multithreading was first called Barrel processing, in which the staves of a barrel represent the pipeline stages and their executing threads. Interleaved or Pre-emptive or Fine-grained or time-sliced multithreading are more modern terminology.
[edit] Hardware costs

In addition to the hardware costs discussed in the Block type of multithreading, interleaved multithreading has an additional cost of each pipeline stage tracking the thread ID of the instruction it is processing. Also, since there are more threads being executed concurrently in the pipeline, shared resources such as caches and TLBs need to be larger to avoid thrashing between the different threads.
我覺的介紹的挺詳細
有什麼專業知識上的需求上維吉網路。

❹ 英文參考文獻格式

英文引用及參考文獻格式要求如下：

參考文獻(即引文出處)的類型以單字母方式標識,具體如下:

M——專著C——論文集N——報紙文章

J——期刊文章D——學位論文R——報告

對於不屬於上述的文獻類型,採用字母「Z」標識。

對於英文參考文獻,還應注意以下兩點:

①作者姓名採用「姓在前名在後」原則,具體格式是:姓,名字的首字母.

如:MalcolmRichardCowley為:Cowley,M.R.,

如果有兩位作者,第一位作者方式不變,&之後第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在後面,

如: FrankNorris與IrvingGordon應為:Norris,F.&I.Gordon.;

②書名、報刊名使用斜體字,如:MasteringEnglishLiterature, EnglishWeekly。

(4)文獻的英語擴展閱讀：

參考文獻類型及文獻類型，根據GB3469-83《文獻類型與文獻載體代碼》規定，以單字母方式標識：

1、專著M ； 報紙N ；期刊J ；專利文獻P；匯編G ；古籍O；技術標准S ；

2、學位論文D ；科技報告R；參考工具K ；檢索工具W；檔案B ；錄音帶A ；

3、圖表Q；唱片L；產品樣本X；錄相帶V；會議錄C；中譯文T；

4、樂譜I； 電影片Y；手稿H；微縮膠卷U ；幻燈片Z；微縮平片F；其他E。

(4)文獻的英語擴展閱讀來源：網路_參考文獻

❺ 文獻 英語單詞

literature.

這個詞不只是「文學」的意思。還有「文獻」之意。
documentory
也有「文獻」的意思。

❻ 文獻英語翻譯

最佳可用技術這一術語，是在歐洲議會規章96/61EC上定義出來的，被認為是"在放射性發展和指示特殊技術的操作方法上最有效和高級的階段，這項特殊技術從原則上為提供被設計用來防止和，在並不切實可行的情況下基本減少排放和從整體上對環境的影響的輻射限值依據的特定技術的實用適應性。
（這段文字的翻譯，我稍微打亂了語序，因為裡面的定語從句修飾成分比較多，我提煉之後翻譯的，但是句意沒有變化）

❼ 英文文獻格式

[24] Allen, Richard S, Charles S. White, Margaret B. Takeda, Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States,[J]. 2004, 7-14.
Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States這貌似不是一本書吧，是他們的成就的表現。如果不是你就把這換成他們的書。

[25] Marylin M. Helms, A comparison, Compensation and Benefits Review [J]. 2004, 7-14.

[26] Andrews, Alice O,The effect of the chief executive officer』s financial orientation,[M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.

[27] Theresa M, Welbourne, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice [M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.

[28] Heneman, Robert L., Judith W. Tansky, Sheng Wang , Compensation practices in small entrepreneurial and high-growth companies in the United States and China,[M],2002,13-22

[29]Zhong-Ming Wang, Compensation and Benefits Review,[M],2002,13-22
希望有幫助。呵呵

你看看，對你有幫助：

畢業論文參考文獻規范格式

一、參考文獻的類型
參考文獻（即引文出處）的類型以單字母方式標識，具體如下：
M——專著 C——論文集 N——報紙文章
J——期刊文章 D——學位論文 R——報告
對於不屬於上述的文獻類型，採用字母「Z」標識。
對於英文參考文獻，還應注意以下兩點：
①作者姓名採用「姓在前名在後」原則，具體格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 應為：Cowley, M.R.，如果有兩位作者，第一位作者方式不變，&之後第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在後面，如：Frank Norris 與Irving Gordon應為：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；
②書名、報刊名使用斜體字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、參考文獻的格式及舉例
1.期刊類
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷號（期號）：起止頁碼.
【舉例】
[1] 王海粟.淺議會計信息披露模式[J].財政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
[2] 夏魯惠.高等學校畢業論文教學情況調研報告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.專著類
【格式】[序號]作者.書名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止頁碼.
【舉例】[4] 葛家澍，林志軍.現代西方財務會計理論[M].廈門：廈門大學出版社，2001：42.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.報紙類
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[N].報紙名，出版日期（版次）.
【舉例】
[6] 李大倫.經濟全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日報，1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.論文集
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始頁碼.
【舉例】
[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文論選[C]. 上海：上海譯文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. 「Can the Subaltern Speak?」[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.
[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher』s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
5.學位論文
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始頁碼.
【舉例】
[11] 張築生.微分半動力系統的不變集[D].北京：北京大學數學系數學研究所, 1983：1-7.
6.研究報告
【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始頁碼.
【舉例】
[12] 馮西橋.核反應堆壓力管道與壓力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清華大學核能技術設計研究院, 1997：9-10.
7.條例
【格式】[序號]頒布單位.條例名稱.發布日期
【舉例】[15] 中華人民共和國科學技術委員會.科學技術期刊管理辦法[Z].1991—06—05
8.譯著
【格式】[序號]原著作者. 書名[M].譯者，譯.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止頁碼.
三、注釋
注釋是對論文正文中某一特定內容的進一步解釋或補充說明。注釋前面用圈碼①、②、③等標識。
四、參考文獻
參考文獻與文中注（王小龍，2005）對應。標號在標點符號內。多個都需要標注出來，而不是1-6等等 ，並列寫出來。

❽ 參考文獻的英文翻譯

人們處理信息的方式有兩種： （一）系統的控制和（ b ）自動。控制信息處理中使用新型的情況下，很少有以往的經驗回落的。這里的信息是積極爭取和認真處理，使高品質的決定。這種類型的決策往往是定性為「合理」 （ SIM卡與Cioia ， 1986年） 。模型的合理決策，如期望理論（隆， 1964年）往往在工作以及會計行為的非例行的情況（例如，選擇了職業生涯） ，但不那麼在試圖解釋日常行為，如持續的性能水平（ 基翁 ， 1983 ） 。一旦積累經驗，尤其決定或任務，系統決策過程讓位給依賴於自動程序使用建立心智模式和套路。首次廚師准備一盤涉及非常不同的信息處理時間比100 。心智模式的組織知識系統的方式是架構。架構組織經驗有意義的方式，並有可能為人們處理含糊不清的練習方法和預測未來會發生什麼。如果人們有經驗，旅遊，營銷或損壞的控制，有架構的規劃訪問，引進新產品，或突發性壞消息。一旦形成模式，有少審查目前的事實和情況，並更多地依靠什麼是已知的。
合同是一種架構開發的經驗。它可能會產生的控制，合理的程序（例如，什麼是在這對我來說，有什麼證據可以表明我可以信任的另一方） ，但一旦建立，合同變得更加自動化。新來的資產負債表和退伍軍人心理公司展示了兩套不同的模式（合同）並存的基礎上是否被聘用的人在20世紀70年代或90年代。由於是一個偉大的趨勢繼續合同，人民的架構形式穩定和預測未來的行為。人們不一定努力改變模式。人民艱苦奮斗的擬合經驗到它們。變更校董會被通過鏡頭的每一個成員的合同擱置

❾ 文獻調查的英文怎麼說

[表達形式]
document survey；literature survey; literature search;

[例句]
我的學習研究包括廣泛的文獻調查和與首席專家的通訊聯系。
My study has included an extensive literature search plus correspondence with leading specialists.

❿ 參考文獻用英語怎麼說

references

參考書目 [簡明漢英詞典]
bibliography
bibliography [簡明英漢詞典]
n.(有關一個題目或一個人的)書目, 參考書目

A list of the works of a specific author or publisher.
書目，目錄索引：某一作者或出版商的作品目錄
A list of writings relating to a given subject:
專題目錄：某一給定主題的作品目錄：
a bibliography of Latin American history.
拉丁美洲歷史的書目
A list of writings used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work.
作者參考書目：某一作者在准備某一著作時用到或參考的作品目錄
The description and identification of the editions, dates of issue, authorship, and typography of books or other written material.
書籍或其它作品的版本、發行日期、著者和印刷的分類和鑒定
A compilation of such information.
上述信息的編輯

bibliography
[bIblI5R^rEfI]
n.
-phies
文獻學；書籍學
參考書目