機械英語文獻

⑴ 求機械類英文文獻

機械工程師資格認證的有關要點
（詳細情況請在www.cmes.org網站上查看）

●機械工程師資格認證的標準是參照工業發達國家有關標准制定的。開展這項工作的主要目的是①為企業在人才的選擇上提供一個客觀的評價；②推進國際技術資格互認；③促進機械工程技術人員接受繼續教育，構築終身教育體系。
●我國現在還未加入相應的綜合性國際互認組織。中國科協正在啟動加入互認組織的程序。中國機械工程學會「資格認證」工作正是這一程序的一部分。特別是「高級機械工程師」就是瞄準將來與國際接軌而設定的。
●機械工程師資格認證實行資格認證、考試、培訓的三分離原則，面向社會體現公開、公平、公正；資格認證與繼續教育緊密結合，以真正體現專業技術人員的終身教育；進一步與國際接軌，力爭國際互認。
●中國機械工程學會開展的「資格認證」是非政府的中介組織行為，屬於同行認可的技術（或從業）資格認證。與現在人事部門「職稱評定」和有關部門「職業資格」不同。專業技術人員可根據自己的情況自願申請「資格認證」。
●取得「認證資格」有效期為三年。
●申請認證機械工程師應具備的條件
從事機械工程類工作的專業技術人員只要符合下列條件均可申請機械工程師資格認證。
要求本人具有良好的職業行為道德規范，並提供以下有效文件：
（1）畢業證書原件並保證真實性。學歷類別規定：A類：機械類大學本科及以上；B類：機械類大學專科；C類：非機械類工科大學本科及以上；D類：非機械類工科大學專科；E類：同等學歷。
「機械類」是指在大學期間學過機械原理、機械零件、理論力學和材料力學四門課程；「工科專業」教育部門對此有專門定義；「同等學歷」是指上述兩類以外的各類人員。
（2）外語要求具備下列之一：①國家外語四級證書；②人事部門職稱外語考試合格證書；③由分中心及我會認可的培訓機構培訓考核合格證書（此類證書需加蓋培訓單位和省學會章）。
（3）計算機要求具備下列之一：①計算機等級考試證書；②計算機應用技術三個模塊合格證書；③由分中心及我會認可的培訓機構培訓考核合格證書（此類證書需加蓋培訓單位和省學會章）。
（4）機械工程師「綜合素質與技能」考試合格證書。
（5）繼續教育要求具備下列之一：①國家認可的繼續教育證書（人事部門發放）；②由分中心及我會認可的培訓機構培訓考核合格證書（此類證書需加蓋培訓單位和省學會章）。
（6）實際工作經歷，專科畢業4年以上（非機械類需6年），本科畢業3年以上（非機械類需5年），其中必須有1年以上在生產、科研企業工作經歷，同等學歷者須有15年以上的工作經歷。
（7）提供工作總結報告（由本人崗位上級寫出工作業績評語，並需經單位領導簽署意見及公章證明）。
（8） 工作年限要有相應證明材料。

⑵ 求一篇機械相關的英文文獻.pdf，在線等~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

外文文獻可以用你們圖書館的外文資料庫檢索, 如www.sciencedirect.com, www.springerlink.com
自己去找吧 學校裡面可以下載到的！英文關鍵詞可以利用www.iciba.com網站翻譯～

⑶ 求機械專業外文資料，文獻

這也太寬泛了吧，機械哪方面的呀。Google學術、知網會有

⑷ 機械類英文文獻+翻譯

國外文獻的查找，推薦你到佰騰科研導航上去查。裡面基本上完整收錄了國外的專業學術期刊和圖書資料站點。地址：
http://go.5ipatent.com/

至於翻譯的話，一般不太能找到了。

⑸ 誰有機械英語文獻 急求！！！！

1 Lathes
Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.
The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.
The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nolar cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.
The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.
Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.
The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.
The size of a lathe is designated by two di
mensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.
Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-ty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.
Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity proction. Often the actual chip-proction tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator』s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to rece or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.

2 Numerical Control
One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the proct is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.
Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.
Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can proce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:
Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.
Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically proce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the proction of procts that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.
Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.
However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to proce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.
This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.
A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear ring a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was proced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to proce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.
This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whe
reas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.

⑹ 求一篇用英文翻譯過的機械相關的中文文獻（原稿／翻譯稿），文獻格式要正規，如有摘要、參考文獻等等。

環境影響評價制度環境問題一直是困擾著國際社會的全球性問題之一。環境問題普遍出現是由於人類過於片面的追求經濟發展，從而導致資源枯竭、污染加劇帶來的惡果。人類謀求發展必然帶來自然資源的消耗，同時也不可避免的對環境產生破壞。自20世紀中葉開始，隨著科學技術的飛速發展和世界經濟的迅速增長，人類改造自然的行為遍布全球，人類活動逐漸成為地球不能承受之重，環境問題也逐漸從地區性問題發展成為波及世界各國的全球性災難，出現了一系列引起國際社會關注的熱點問題。環境問題制約了人類的發展，開始逐漸受到重視。人類對於環境問題的認識也有一個過程，一開始人們覺得環境問題的出現是由於科技的不發達造成的，寄希望於科技進步來消滅環境問題。然而隨著科技的進步，老的問題解決的同時新的環境問題又擺在了人們面前，並且更復雜和棘手。人們逐漸意識到環境問題不僅是一個科技的問題，也是圍繞著政治、經濟、哲學等多方面的綜合體。基於這種觀念，國際社會在經濟、政治、科技、貿易等方面形成了廣泛的合作關系，期以通過多種手段和渠道來解決日益嚴重的環境污染，環境影響評價正是在這個背景下應運而生。環境影響評價(Environmental Impact Assessment，簡稱EIA)也稱環境預斷評價或環境未來評價，是環境質量評價的類型之一，是指在從事建設項目或國家制定規劃、政策和法律時，應當在計劃階段或正式實施前，就其對環境可能產生影響的范圍和程度，事前加以調查、對規劃和建設項目實施後可能造成的環境影響進行分析、預測和評估，提出相應的預防或者減輕不良環境影響的意見和對策，並進行跟蹤監測的方法與制度。是環境保護政策體系的重要組成。環境影響評價可以實現環境管理模式由末端控制到全程式控制制的轉變。環境影響評價的特點首先在於它的預測性，它強調在做出有關經濟開發活動，如有關的規劃、計劃、政策或擬建項目之前對環境可能造成的影響進行預測和評價，是一種預測性的工作。希望通過人類已經掌握的有關環境問題產生原因和規律的認識，自覺控制自身行為的不良環境後果，實現合理規劃和科學決策。環境影響評價(EIA)是我國從外國引進的一項制度，是在吸收了西方國家先行開展的環評制度，又結合了我國實際情況的基礎上發展起來的，我國的環境影響評價制度經歷了一個不斷發展的過程。我國環境影響評價經過概念引入、嘗試性研究與實踐、制度化及法制化等幾個階段川，成為源頭控制、推進經濟發展與環境保護雙贏的重要工具和手段。環境影響評價制度是國家通過法定程序，以法律或者規范性文件形式確立的對環境影響評價活動進行規范的制度12J。環境影響評價的概念最早是於1964年在加拿大召開的國際環境質量評價會議上提出來的。1969年美國《國家環境政策法》的頒布標志著世界首個環境影響評價制度的建立。我國在1979年9月頒布了《環境保護法(試行)》，標志著環境影響評價從立法上開始建立。到了2002年，《環境影響評價法》正式通過並於2003年9月1日起實施，我國環境影響評價進入了新的階段。經過30餘年的發展，我國已建立了一套有特色的環境影響評價立法體系。完善的立法體系為實現環境影響評價促進決策科學化與民主化、為科學發展保駕護航這個更高層次的功能提供製度保障。公眾參與(Public Participation)，是環境影響評價制度中的一項重要內容，是指具有公共利益、興趣的社會群體對政府涉及公共利益事務的決策的介入，或者提出意見與建議的活動。公眾參與的概念和內容學界眾說紛紜，目前理論界對公眾參與主要有三種觀點。1、「分享論」，即認為公眾參與是社會上絕大多數人或大眾對國家事務或公共事務的分享或參加。該種觀點把公眾參與環境保護視為公眾對國家事務的一種分享行為。2、「賦權論」，即認為公眾參與是公眾及其代表根據國家法律、法規賦予的權利，參與公共事務的管理。3、「制衡論」，即認為公眾參與的作用是體現是權利約束權力。公眾參與是項目建設方或者環評方同公眾之間的一種雙向交流，建立公眾參與環境監督管理的正常機制，可使項目影響區的公眾能及時了解關於環境問題的信息，有機會通過正常渠道表達自己的意見，對建設方案的決策及順利實施是非常必要的。讓公眾幫助辨析項目可能引起的重大尤其是許多潛在環境問題，了解公眾關注的保護目標或公眾最關心的問題，以便採取相應措施，使敏感的保護目標得到有效的保護。環境影響評價作為行之有效的環境管理制度，在中國環境保護歷史上發揮了巨大的作用。從其運行多年的經驗來看，能夠預防和減輕因建設項目和規劃的實施對環境造成的不利影響，同時也保證了建設項目選址和布局的合理性，有利於我國可持續發展戰略的實施，促進了經濟、社會和環境的協調發展，並促進了一些環境科學技術的發展。我國環境影響評價制度實施以來，圍繞著產業結構和工業布局調整，堅持污染防治與生

⑺ 急求機械專業的英語文獻資料

我有,但是我要分啊, 我是學機械的,畢業了， 曾經有很多這方面的呢， 想要的話 ,跟我說
我的英語方面的都保留呢

⑻ 急求介紹機械的英文文獻 翻譯成中文2000字左右

在製造Crane的公司做機械工程師，發給我吧：）