美国英语历史

Ⅰ 美国历史 （英文版）

History of the United States

This article is part of
the U.S. History
series.
Native Americans in the United States
Colonial America
1776–1789
1789–1849
1849–1865
1865–1918
1918–1945
1945–1964
1964–1980
1980–1987
1988–present
Timeline · The United States is a country occupying part of the North American continent ranging from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and including outlying areas as well. The first inhabitants of the area now claimed by the United States arrived at least 12,000 years ago, probably by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska. Relatively little is known of these early settlers compared to the Europeans who colonized the area after the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Columbus' men were also the first known Old Worlders to land in the territory of the United States when they arrived in Puerto Rico the next year on their second voyage; the first European known to set foot in the continental U.S. was Juan Ponce de León, who arrived in Florida in 1513, though he may have been preceded by John Cabot in 1497.

Contents [hide]
1 Pre-Colonial America
2 Early European settlements
3 Colonial America (1493-1776)
4 Formation of the United States (1776-1789)
5 Westward Expansion (1789–1849)
6 Civil War Era (1849–1865)
7 Reconstruction and the Rise of Instrialization (1865–1918)
8 Post World War I and the Great Depression (1918–1940)
9 Homefront: World War II (1940-1945)
10 Cold War Beginnings and the Civil Rights Movement (1945–1964)
11 Cold War (1964–1980)
12 End of the Cold War (1980–1988)
13 Modern Era (1988–present)
14 See also
15 Literature
16 External links

[edit]
Pre-Colonial America
Main articles: Native Americans in the United States and Pre-Columbian

Monk's Mound in Cahokia, Illinois, at 100 feet high is the largest man-made earthen mound in North America, was part of a city which had thousands of people around 1050 ADArcheologists believe that the present-day United States was first populated by people migrating from Asia via the Bering land bridge sometime between 50,000 and 11,000 years ago.[1] These people became the indigenous people who inhabited the Americas prior to the arrival of European explorers in the 1400s and who are now called Native Americans.

Many cultures thrived in the Americas before Europeans came, including the Puebloans (Anasazi) in the southwest and the Adena Culture in the east. Several such societies and communities, over time, intensified this practice of established settlements, and grew to support sizeable and concentrated populations. Agriculture was independently developed in what is now the eastern United States as early as 2500 BC, based on the domestication of indigenous sunflower, squash and goosefoot.[2] Eventually, the Mexican crops of maize and legumes were adapted to the shorter summers of eastern North America and replaced the indigenous crops.

[edit]
Early European settlements
One recorded European exploration of the Americas was by Christopher Columbus in 1492, sailing on behalf of the King and Queen of Spain. He did not reach mainland America until his fourth voyage, almost 20 years after his first voyage. He first landed on Haiti, where the Arawaks, whom he mistook for people of the Indies (thus, "Indians") greeted him and his fleet by swimming out to their ships with gifts and food. Columbus, after island-hopping for several months, heard nothing of gold, his main drive for the voyage. However, he realized that a great market of slavery could be made with these populations. By 1550, there were only 500 Arawaks left; about 250,000 Indians on Haiti had died from murder or suicide.

After a period of exploration by various European countries, Dutch, Spanish, English, French, Swedish, and Portuguese settlements were established. Columbus was the first European to set foot in U.S. territory when he came to Puerto Rico in 1493; the oldest remaining European settlements in the U.S. are San Juan, Puerto Rico, founded 1521, and on the mainland, St. Augustine in what is now the state of Florida, founded in 1565.

In the 15th century, Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. The introction of the horse had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America. The horse offered revolutionary speed and efficiency, both while hunting and in battle. The horse also became a sort of currency for native tribes and nations. Horses became a pivotal part in solidifying social hierarchy, expanding trade areas with neighboring tribes, and creating a stereotype both to their advantage and against it.

[edit]
Colonial America (1493-1776)

The Mayflower, which transported Pilgrims to the New World, arrived in 1620.
Territorial expansion of the United States, omitting Oregon and other claims.Main article: Colonial America

In 1607, the Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown Settlement on the James River, both named after King James IColonial America was defined by ongoing battles between mainly English-speaking colonists and Natives, by a severe labor shortage that gave birth to forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude, and by a British policy of benign neglect (salutary neglect) that permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders.

The first truly successful English colony was established in 1607, on the James River near the Chesapeake Bay. The Virginia Company of London financed the purchase of three ships to transport settlers to the Virginia colony. The names of the three ships were The Susan Constant, Godspeed and the Discovery. The leader of the group was Captain Christopher Newport. Also on board was John Smith, an explorer, soldier, and writer. King James decided to give the Virginia Company a charter for the settlement. The settlers sought a location which had fresh water, deep water to dock their ships, and was easy to defend. The settlement was named Jamestown after the king. England also wanted to find gold, silver and other riches in North America.

As increasing numbers of settlers arrived in Virginia, many conflicts arose between the Native Americans and the colonists. The colonists increasingly appropriated land to farm and grow tobacco. This was the beginning of a general trend towards displacing Native Americans westward to make room for settlers. [1]

One example of conflict between Native Americans and English settlers was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia, in which Indians had killed hundreds of English settlers. The largest conflict between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century was King Philip's War in New England. [2]

Differences of language, religion and culture also contributed to the friction between the two groups. At the base of the friction was an assumption by the English colonists of racial, cultural and moral superiority. [3]

[Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500-1676. By Joyce E. Chaplin . (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001] [John Wood Sweet. Bodies Politic - Negotiating Race in the American North, 1730-1830. Johns Hopkins University Press]

New England was founded by two separate groups of religious dissenters. A second group of colonists called the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity. The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina, with Georgia Colony the last of the Thirteen Colonies established in 1733.

Spain claimed or controlled a large part of what is now the central and western United States as part of New Spain which included Spanish Florida, California and Texas. In 1682, French explorer Sieur de La Salle explored the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and claimed the entire territory as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, which became New France. The Louisiana Territory, under Spanish control since the end of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), remained off-limits to settlement from the 13 American colonies. The colonies of East Florida, West Florida, Grenada, and Quebec, added to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris (1763), were part of British North America open to travel, and ring the revolutionay war many Loyalists fled to them.

These are historic regions of the United States, meaning regions that were legal entities in the past, or which the average modern American would no longer immediately recognize as a regional description.

[edit]
Formation of the United States (1776-1789)

Washington's crossing of the Delaware, one of America's first successes in the Revolutionary war
The presentation of the Declaration of IndependenceMain article: History of the United States (1776-1789)
During this period the United States won its independence from Great Britain with help from France in the American War of Independence, or the American Revolutionary War as it is called in Great-Britain, and the thirteen former colonies established themselves as the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation.

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, still meeting in Philadelphia declared the independence of the United States in a remarkable document, the Declaration of Independence, primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson. Although it is said that Morocco was the first country in the World to officialy recognize the newly sovereign United States in 1777 it was the Dutch Governor Johannes de Graaff which fired a 11 gun salute when a US war ship called Andrew Doria flying the flag of the new United States sailed into Gallows Bay of St. Eustatius, part of the Netherlands Antilles, on November 16 1776, and the Netherlands became the first foreign country (de facto) to recognize the United States. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship treaty. Signed by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, it has been in continuous effect since 1783.

The Boston Tea Party in 1773, often seen as the event which started the American RevolutionThe United States celebrates its founding date as July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence that rejected British authority in favor of self-determination. The structure of the government was profoundly changed on March 4, 1789, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The new government reflected a radical break from the normative governmental structures of the time, favoring representative, elective government with a weak executive, rather than the existing monarchial structures common within the western traditions of the time. The system borrowed heavily from enlightenment age ideas and classical western philosophy, in that a primacy was placed upon indivial liberty and upon constraining the power of government through division of powers and a system of checks and balances.

The colonists' victory at Saratoga led the French into an open alliance with the United States. In 1781, a combined American and French Army, acting with the support of a French fleet, captured a large British army, led by General Cornwallis, at Yorktown, Virginia (see Siege of Yorktown). The surrender of General Cornwallis ended serious British efforts to find a military solution to their American problem.

A series of attempts to organize a movement to outline and press reforms culminated in the Congress calling the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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US growth maps
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1775 · 1790 · 1800 · 1810 · 1820 · 1830 · 1840 · 1850 · 1860 · 1870 · 1880 · 1900 · 1920

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Westward Expansion (1789–1849)
Main article: History of the United States (1789–1849)
During this period, the United States government was established by its first president, George Washington, and the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, and various Indian Wars expanded and consolidated the land expanse of the United States--while largely displacing the indigenous population.

Economic growth in America per capita incomeGeorge Washington, a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, commander and chief of the Continental Army, and president of the Constitutional Convention, became the first President of the United States under the new U.S. Constitution. The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, when settlers in the Monongahela Valley of western Pennsylvania protested against a federal tax on liquor and distilled drinks, was the first serious test of the federal government.

The Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the important Mississippi River waterway, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States, and provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion. In response to continued British impressment of American sailors into the British Navy Madison had the Twelfth United States Congress— led by Southern and Western Jeffersonians — declare war on Britain in 1812. The United States and Britain came to a draw in the War of 1812, after bitter fighting that lasted until January 8, 1815. The Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the war, essentially resulted in the maintenance of the 'status quo ante bellum'; but, crucially for the U.S., saw the end of the British alliance with the Native Americans.

The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas; this was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States.

In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Indian tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River. This established Andrew Jackson, a military hero and president, as a cunning tyrant in regards to native populations. This Act resulted in the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes dying en route to the West, the Creek's violent opposition and eventual defeat and the Cherokee Nation taking up farming and "civilized behavior." The Cherokees, under Jackson's presidency, were eventually pushed from their land; even after success with agriculture, trade, and the creation of the first North American Indian written language. The Indian Removal Act also directly caused the ceding of Spanish Florida and subsequently led to the many Seminole Wars.

US territorial growth, 1810-1920Mexico refused to accept the annexation of Texas in 1845, and war broke out in 1846. The U.S., using regulars and large numbers of volunteers, defeated Mexico, which was badly led, short on resources, and was plagued by a divided command. Public sentiment in the States was also divided, as Whigs and anti-slavery forces opposed the war. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded California, New Mexico and adjacent areas to the United States. In 1850, the issue of slavery in the new territories was settled by the Compromise of 1850 brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas.

[edit]
Civil War Era (1849–1865)

The Battle of Gettysburg, the bloodiest battle and turning point of the American Civil WarMain article: History of the United States (1849–1865)
This period of United States history saw the breakdown of the ability of white Americans of the North and South to reconcile fundamental differences in their approach to government, economics, society and African American slavery. Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the South seceded to form the Confederate States of America, the Civil War followed, with the ultimate defeat of the South.

In 1854, the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act abrogated the Missouri Compromise by providing that each new state of the Union would decide its stance on slavery. After the election of Abraham Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union between late 1860 and 1861, establishing a rebel government, the Confederate States of America on February 9, 1861.

Blue the Union; Red the ConfederacyThe Civil War began when Confederate General Pierre Beauregard opened fire upon Fort Sumter. They fired because Fort Sumter was in a confederate state. Along with the northwestern portion of Virginia, four of the five northernmost "slave states" did not secede, and became known as the Border States. Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North when General Robert E. Lee led 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland. The Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17 1862, was the bloodiest single day in American history. At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made General Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union armies. Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Hood. Sherman's army laid waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his celebrated "March to the Sea", and reaching the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah in December 1864. Lee finally surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House.

[edit]
Reconstruction and the Rise of Instrialization (1865–1918)

General Custer's last stand in the Battle of the Little BighornMain article: History of the United States (1865–1918)
After its civil war, America experienced an accelerated rate of instrialization, mainly in the northern states. However, Reconstruction and its failure left the Southern whites in a position of firm control over its black population, denying them their Civil Rights and keeping them in a state of economic, social and political servitude. Since the late 1800s, the United States has been formally grouped amongst the Great Powers, and has also become a dominant economic force.

U.S. Federal government policy, since the James Monroe administration, had been to move the indigenous population beyond the reach of the white frontier into a series of Indian Reservations. In 1876, the last serious Sioux war erupted, when the Dakota gold rush penetrated the Black Hills.

Ellis island in 1902, the main immigration port for immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.An unprecedented wave of immigration to the United States served both to provide the labor for American instry and to create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas. Native American tribes were generally forced onto small reservations as white farmers and ranchers took over their lands. Abusive instrial practices led to the often violent rise of the labor movement in the United States.

The United States began its rise to international power in this period with substantial population and instrial growth domestically, and a number of military ventures abroad, including the Spanish-American War, which began when the United States blamed the sinking of the USS Maine (ACR-1) on Spain without any real evidence.

This period was capped by the 1917 entry of the United States into World War I.

Ⅱ 美式英语的历史

美式英语是泛拉丁英语，墨西哥战争及德克萨斯加入联邦后联邦政府发现西方
和南方种植园地区的人口绝大多数并不习惯传统13省的标准英语，如佛罗里达
州大多数人都是使用西班牙语的。另外，部分北方省份如新罕布什尔人还习惯
用法语。因此加上泛拉丁文特征的非标准英文诞生了。在联邦政府的允许下被混
合使用成了独到的美式英语。

Ⅲ 谁能写美国历史简介(英文版)

The United States of America is a country of the western hemisphere, comprising fifty states and several territories. Forty-eight contiguous states lie in central North America between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bound on land by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south; Alaska is in the northwest of the continent with Canada to its east, and Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific. The United States is a federal constitutional republic; Washington, its capital, is coextensive with the District of Columbia (D.C.), the federal capital district.

At over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km

Ⅳ 美国的历史 英文

U.S. Travel

The American people is a brave and freedom-loving nation. They had come from all over the world, many different cultures, race and religion, after a long period of coexistence with the formation, and graally they are proud of being Americans.

17 centuries ago, the majority of North American Indians and Eskimos just plain living, but after a hundred years of immigration, where people have become the new home of European countries, of which the most important for the establishment of the British colony of the 13 states, the 13 states the colonies declared their independence from Britain. After a consultation and reform, the U.S. federal system, the eve of the French Revolution, the official on the world stage. The early immigrants from outside the United States is very welcome, these immigrants made her grow up quickly. U.S. population in 1776 only 300 million years, and now more than 200 million. In the process of rapid population increase, the new living space, also followed constantly open, while the direction from east to west, the extension of the pioneers not only in Xinjiang, livestock farming, but also looking for mineral and other resources. to the 20th century, the United States not only has become a world power, and is the scientific, technical, medical and military power of advanced countries.

Before the colonial period (before 1607)

In twenty thousand years ago, a group of vagrants from Asia through North America to Central and South America, the ancestors of these people are Indians. When Columbus discovered the New World, the Indians living in America, about 2,000 million, of which about 100 million people are living in what is now north-central Canada and the United States, most of the rest of Mexico and now living in the southern United States. about 1 million years ago, there is another group of Asians, moved to northern North America, which is the later Eskimo people. The first white people to the Americas is probably the Vikings, they are people who like fishing adventure, it was that they at 1,000 years ago, visited the east coast of North America. colonial period (1607 ~ 1753) 1607 A group of about a hundred colonial, built in Chesapeake Beach Jamestown, which is built by the British in North America, the first permanent colony. 150 years later, many of the colonists graally coming , settled in the coastal areas, mostly from Britain, some from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and other countries. 18th century, the graal formation of the 13 British colonies, the highest in the UK have their own government under the sovereignty of and Parliament. The 13 colonies e to differences in climate and geographical environment, resulting in a form of local economic and political system and the conceptual difference.

Independence Movement (1754 ~ 1783)

Mid-18th century, the British colonies in the Americas and the United Kingdom, has been a rift. Colonial expansion, so they have some kind of conscious and conscious of the British persecution, and initiation of independent thought. 1774, from 12 states representatives, gathered in Philadelphia, called the first Continental Congress was held, hoping to find out a reasonable way to solve the problem of peace with Britain, but the king insisted on unconditional surrender to the British colony to the king, and accept the punishment. 1775, in Ma State flames of war, in May, held the Second Continental Congress, firm determination and independence war, and made the famous declaration of independence, to make a case to fight this battle, this is the last winning factor. In 1781, the United States Army won a decisive victory in 1783, the United States and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War.

Form a new government (1784 ~ 1819)

The success of the revolution, the American people have to legislate the opportunity to express their political ideas. In 1787, the Federal Assembly was held in Philadelphia, will be pushed in Washington for the President, they adopt a principle that the central authority of a general nature , but there must be rules and instructions carefully, but they also accept the fact that national government must have a tax, coin money, to adjust their business, war and conclude treaties. In addition, in order to prevent the central power is too large, were taken to the right of the political theory of Montesquieu, that the Government set up equal cooperation with the checks and balances of three departments, namely the legislative, executive and judicial powers to reconcile the three, without checks and balances so that the right to share control of any one position.

Westward expansion (1820 ~ 1849)

Early 19th century, thousands of people, across the Appalachian Mountains, moved west, some pioneers, moved to the U.S. border, and even in-depth territory belongs to Mexico, and California between Alaska and Oregon. Portland courage, hard to the west seeking a better life.

North-South conflict (1850 ~ 1869)

Lead to civil war because, not only economic, political and military issues, including the ideological conflict. Civil war exposed the weakness of the United States. The existence of this country, made some tests. After this test The United States was moving towards a centralization of the modern state of the smooth. North and South, between the rough spots for the slavery issue, the South in national politics on the main approach to the protection and expansion of "cotton and slavery" system represents the interests of the ; the northern states, mainly manufacturing, commercial and financial center, the proction without relying on the slave, this economic and political conflicts are long-standing. the early 1860s, the 11 southern states from the federal, Another group of government, the North said that reunification will not hesitate to pay any price. In 1861, civil war broke out, Americans face in this bloody war, playing for four years, the South has been severely damaged, and left deep injuries. 1865, the North defeated, the victory not only that the United States replies unity, and, from all over the country are no longer implemented slavery.

Instrialization and Reform (1870 ~ 1916)

Early 19th century, the United States began instrialization, civil war, then into the mature stage. In the First World War from the Civil War to less than 50 years, she from a village into a city of the Republic of the country. Machine instead of the manual, the proct has increased substantially. national railway network, to enhance the flow of goods. should be the public's needs, many new inventions to market the. banks to provide loans to facilitate the expansion of business operations. Therefore, from 1890 to nearly 1917 30 years is known as the so-called "progressive period", 1914, World War, 1917, the United States was finally involved in the vortex of war, and in the world, trying to play new roles.

The new status of the world (1917 ~ 1929)

10 years after the war, American society and culture can be said to be a lifeless, no feelings, belonging to the merchant class in 10 years. According to 1929 statistics, ranking the ratio of city and rural living is 56%: 44%, then the modern Jufan life characteristics, such as cars, telephones, radios, washing machines, has become a necessity of life. the post-war economy has shown great prosperity, for two reasons, one for government interference in private enterprise and there is no legislative protection, two new technologies driven. Although economic growth quickly, but the underlying instability.

Depression era and World War II (1930 ~ 1959)

Great Depression, affecting not just the United States, all countries are hit by it, the Great Depression, so that millions of workers unemployed, a large number of farmers forced to give up land, factory shops closed, a depressed bank failures ... .... 1932 , Roosevelt was elected president, he advocated that the Government should take action to end the Great Depression, the new Government has to solve many difficulties, but the U.S. economy is going to World War II, before waking up. After World War II U.S. and the USSR, the deterioration of relations, respectively, in the military, political, economic, propaganda aspects, step up preparations, as war, this state, known as the "Cold War."

Since 1960

American history since 1960, is still in many ways a continuation of the post-war development. Economy, in addition to the cyclical downturn, is still swelling; moved to the suburbs from the city's population continues to increase, in 1970, ranking the rural population of more than Home city's population. Early in 1960, The Negro Problem The main problem within the United States.

The mid-1960s, many Americans dissatisfied with the Government's foreign policy. Moreover, as instrial development, population concentrations, the late 60s, extensive pollution of the environment by the attention. The early 70s, because of the energy crisis caused by the recession, Since the Great Depression is the most serious one.

The mid-70s, the economy was recovering, but not the age of 70, but also inflation. In 1976, the 200th anniversary of the founding of the United States, the country holding various celebrations. April 12, 1981, the United States successfully launched the "Columbia" space shuttle, the space will be brought in another new era in human beings. In 1985, Ronald Reagan's re-election in the history of human development advances, the United States will start a new page.

Ⅳ 用英文概述美国的历史

Since the September 11 attacks, a number of websites, books, and films, largely promoted on and distributed through the Internet, have challenged the mainstream account of the attacks. Although mainstream media has stated that al-Qaeda "conspired" to execute the attacks on the World Trade Center in the legal sense, a 9/11 conspiracy theory generally refers to a belief in a broad conspiracy, in which the attacks were executed by powerful groups often including government agencies or an alleged secret global network. Many groups and indivials challenging the official account identify as part of the 9/11 Truth Movement.

Initially, 9/11 conspiracy theories received little attention in the media. In an address to the United Nations on November 10, 2001, United States President George W. Bush denounced the emergence of "outrageous conspiracy theories ... that attempt to shift the blame away from the terrorists, themselves, away from the guilty. Later, as media exposure of conspiracy theories of the events of 9/11 increased, US government agencies and the Bush Administration issued refutations to the theories, including a formal response by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to questions about the destruction of the World Trade Center, a revised 2006 State Department webpage to debunk the theories, and a strategy paper referred to by President Bush in an August 2006 speech, which declares that terrorism springs from "subcultures of conspiracy and misinformation," and that "terrorists recruit more effectively from populations whose information about the world is contaminated by falsehoods and corrupted by conspiracy theories. The distortions keep alive grievances and filter out facts that would challenge popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda.

In August 2004, a Zogby International poll indicated that 49.3% New York City residents and 41% of New York citizens "overall" say US Leaders "knew in advance that attacks were planned on or around September 11, 2001, and that they consciously failed to act. In July 2006, a Scripps Howard and Ohio University poll concluded that "Thirty-six percent of respondents overall said it is "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that federal officials either participated in the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon or took no action to stop them", "sixteen percent said it's "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that the collapse of the twin towers in New York was aided by explosives secretly planted in the two buildings" and "twelve percent suspect the Pentagon was struck by a military cruise missile in 2001 rather than by an airliner captured by terrorists. A May 2006 Zogby International poll indicated that 42% of Americans more likely agree with people who believe that "the US government and its 9/11 Commission concealed or refused to investigate critical evidence that contradicts their official explanation of the September 11th attacks, saying there has been a cover-up. A September 2006 Ipsos-Reid poll found that 22 percent of Canadians believe "the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, had nothing to do with Osama Bin Laden and were actually a plot by influential Americans. An October 2006 New York Times and CBS news poll showed that 28 percent believe members of the Bush Administration are mostly lying about "what they knew prior to September 11th, 2001, about possible terrorist attacks against the United States.

Just prior to the fifth anniversary of the attacks, a flurry of mainstream news articles on 9/11 conspiracy theories were released. In its coverage Time Magazine stated, "This is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality. Mainstream coverage has generally presented these theories as a cultural phenomenon and is often very critical of their content.

Immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government said the attacks were carried out by members of the terrorist organisation al-Qaeda, headed by Osama Bin Laden. On the morning of September 11, the government said, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes by using knives, box cutters, pepper spray and fake explosives. They piloted the planes themselves and crashed these into the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. According to mainstream scientific account, the World Trade Center towers later collapsed e to the impact damage, removal of the fire protection and the intense fires. Due to the collapse of World Trade Center One and Two, surrounding World Trade Center buildings were heavily damaged as well, leading in turn to their complete or partial collapse. United Airlines Flight 93 crashed in Pennsylvania later that day after passengers heard of the previous attacks in air phone and cell phone conversations and brought the plane down.

Soon after the 9/11 attacks, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and FEMA concted building performance studies at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The Intelligence Committees of the House of Representatives and the United States Senate concted a Joint Inquiry in 2002. U.S. government officials, such as Condoleeza Rice, said they had no advance knowledge of the attacks and no idea that such a thing might happen. Organizations representing the victims' families such as the Jersey Girls demanded further investigation and, after initial reluctance, the administration acceded to their request. The bipartisan 9/11 Commission was formed tasked with “not placing indivial blame” but providing an explanation as to what happened and making recommendations to prevent a recurrence. In 2004 the commission released its report. It disclosed that there were prior warnings of varying detail that the United States would be attacked by al-Qaeda. These were ignored, the report said, e to a lack of communication between various law enforcement and intelligence personnel. For the lack of interagency communication, the report cited bureaucratic inertia and laws passed in the 1970s to prevent abuses that resulted in major scandals ring that era. The report also faulted both the Clinton and the Bush administration with “failure of imagination”. The explanation laid out in the report has been endorsed by most members of both major political parties, and is what conspiracy theorists refer to as "the official account" of the September, 2001 attacks, which only focuses on government sources.

In addition to government investigations and sources that comprise the "official account" that conspiracy theorists look to, the September 11, 2001 attacks have been documented and analyzed by numerous non-government sources. These include eyewitnesses, investigations by the National Fire Protection Association and other organizations, experts at Pure University and Northwestern University, and news media throughout the world, including Al Jazeera, The Times of India, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the BBC, Le Monde, Deutsche Welle,the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), and The Chosun Ilbo of South Korea.

Ⅵ 英文介绍关于美国的历史

http://www.answers.com/topic/united-states?method=22

Ⅶ 美国英语的起源与特点

在北美特殊的文化、历史及社会环境里形成了若干独特的形式和含义。 用现代语言学的术语来说，美国英语是英语的一种变体，是近四百年来英语使用于北美这个特殊的地理环境，受美国社会多元文化影响以及不断创新而形成的一种变体（蔡昌卓，2002）。 美国英语源于伊莉莎白时期的英语，其历史和美国的移民史有着非常密切的联系， 美国移民史可以追述到300多年前。1607年，约翰·史密斯（John Smith）等首批殖民者120人乘三艘大船横越大西洋，在弗吉尼亚州（Virginia）的詹姆斯河口建立了詹姆斯城（Jamestown）。 随后不久，在1620年，从英国东部诺福克郡和沙福克郡来的清教徒乘坐“五月花号”（May Flower）船驶抵马萨诸塞州（Massachusetts）的东南部普利茅斯（Plymouth）， 建立了殖民地。 当时的英国正处于伊莉莎白一世时期，从英语发展史来看，正处于现代英语的早期开始阶段。 在最早移居新英格兰的清教徒中有一百多名还是牛津大学和剑桥大学的毕业生，他们将伊莉莎白时期的英语带到了北美新大陆，成为美国英语的起点。 从这时起，两国都说伊莉莎白时代的英语。 故而在很长一段时间里，美国英语和英国英语之间并没有什么显著不同。
早在英国殖民时期，美国的英国移民起初还和故乡保持着紧密联系，他们的语言尚随其英国本土语的变化而变化， 但随着时间的推移，美洲的英国殖民地也产生了一种不同于英国本土语的英语。
从十七世纪初英国清教徒踏上美国的土地到后来很长的一段时间里，美国的英语和英国的英语没有什么明显的差异。美国独立战争的胜利是一个历史性的转折点，它标志着一种崭新的美国英语的产生?革命者们试图在各个生活领域脱离英国的统治。 其中，本杰明·富兰克林发表的题为《美国采用新字母表和改革拼写模式的计划》的文章，虽然方案没被采纳，但却给词汇学家和辞典编纂家诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）产生了巨大的影响他的理论使得一些单词有了新的拼写方法，如honor取代了honour，theater取代了theatre。 可以说富兰克林是一位英语发展史的先驱者。
诺亚·韦伯斯特是美国最负盛名的词典学家.1828年，出版了他的《美语词典》（American Dictionary of English Language） ，这标志着他对美国英语的贡献达到了一个顶峰时期。 他系统地和全面地把美语单词的形成、意义和用法都固定下来，美国规范化的民族语言终于形成。 这为以后美国英语的发展和对世界的影响均打下了坚实的基础， 美国人从此有了一本完全属于自己语音的词典。 美国语言体现了美国社会特征，多样性体现多元的文化特征，俚语是美国英语生动的体现
作为一个移民国家，美国一直被誉为“nation of nations”，但其主流文化仍是Anglo-Saxon文化。 任何新移民，为了在新大陆生活下去，不得不接受或适应这种主流文化。 同时，美国人民为自己的文学和语言的独立和形成所进行的斗争，实际上是政治斗争的继续与发展。美国英语的形成的过程是漫长而曲折的.第一次世界大战前后的时期是美国英语和英国英语关系的转折点（turning point）， 在此之前的倾向是美国英语偏离英国英语，在此之后的主要倾向是英国英语向美国英语靠拢。
如今的英语分为美国英语和英国英语。英国英语为澳大利亚，新西兰，西印度群岛，爱尔兰，南非使用，美国英语为美国和加拿大使用。
美国英语是英国英语的一种区域语言变体，它起源于17~18世纪的英国英语。从1607年英国人在美洲建立第一个殖民地———詹姆士城到1775年美国独立战争爆发为止，英国在北美地区先后建立了13个殖民地，同时英国殖民者也把莎士比亚（Shakespeare）和弥尔顿（Milton）的英语带到了美洲。此时，人们通常称之为“北美英语”（English in North America）或殖民地英语（Colonial English） 。这种古老的语言在新的环境中吸收了印第安人的土语和其他欧洲移民的语言，在新大陆继续发展最终形成了一种成熟的语言混合体——美语。当然，不同的历史环境赋予它不同的名称。独立战争后，民族主义兴起，美国人把自己的语言命名为“美利坚合众国的语言”（English in the USA）或“美国创用语”（Americanism）。1806年，诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）首创American English，这个词语就成了美国英语的固定表达形式。1828年，由韦伯斯特花费后半生心血编写的《美国英语词典》，开美国英语编纂之先河，一直被后人看成是美国英语形成的重要标志，随着美国经济、政治、军事等各方面的高速发展，美国成为首屈一指的世界强国，两次世界大战的爆发更是奠定了美国在世界舞台举足轻重的地位，美国英语作为美国的一种文化输出方式，其影射力和传播范围涉及到了世界的每一个角落。但是美国英语与别的语言交流时也会受到异族语言的影响。
一般来说，语言的发展发生在语音、语法、词汇三个方面。语音、语法的变化小而慢，词汇的变化迅速。从语言学和词汇学的角度着眼，纵观美国英语的发展历史，美国英语主要有以下几大特色。 美国英语是在17世纪英格兰所用的语言，即莎士比亚、弥尔顿、班扬时期所用的语言基础上发展起来的。与现在标准的伦敦英语相比，美国英语具有很大的古老性。其古老性主要表现在用词方面，它保留并复活了在英国英语中已经成为“废语”的许多词汇，典型的例子有:I guess，用作I think，I suppose，I believe，如I guess you are wrong.（我想你错了），这种用法在17世纪的英国广泛流行，现在不再使用，而美国英语却把它保留下来；mad用作angry讲，如：He was mad about losing the chance（丢掉这次机会他气得要命），这一用法在莎士比亚时期人们频繁地使用；railroad作railway，18世纪的英国只有木轨（wooden rails）作铁路运输时使用的词汇，19世纪时就已经被railway取代，美语却保留至今。另外还有，sick（ill），poor（lean），dry（thirsty），allow（affirm）。美国英语中还保留了许多生动。形象的古老名词，如：fall，意为“秋天”，来源于the fall of leaves（落叶时节），而标准英语从乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer，约1346~1400年）就开始用“autumn”一词（来自古法语）表示“秋天”，bug一词在美国英语中泛指“虫子”，而现在在英国英语中却专指“臭虫”，此词原来在英国英语中有泛指的意义，后词义缩小，美国英语保留该词的原意，用bedbug指称臭虫？Loan这个词语用作及物动词时，许多英语词典特意在它后面标注为Americanism。实际上，它的动词用法也起源于英国公元1200年前后，作“贷款；借出”。另外，有的词在标准英国英语中已不再使用，只限于英国方言中，而在美国却还是通用词语，如deck（一副纸牌），drool（开玩笑），shoat（小猪，猪仔），polliwog（蝌蚪）等等。
另外，美国英语的语音和标准的伦敦音相比，也有点老式，具有17和18世纪英国英语的特点。例如，美国普通话中，保留有r的卷舌音/r/，这也是莎士比亚时代的英语语音特点继承下来的结果，又如，美国人把bath、fast、path等单词中的字母a的扁平音/æ/保留，而英国却远在18世纪末在英格兰南部就废除了这种发音（现在英格兰已将这写单词中的“a”发成开后不圆唇元音/ɑː/。 2.1 创造一些原本根本不存在的新词
如，一种具有刺激性吸引力的人开始被人们称之为pizzazz（时髦派头的人），早期的殖民者创造的词汇也不少，如bellhop（俱乐部男侍），debunk（揭露真相），blurb（说明），cahoots（共谋），skyscraper（摩天大楼），由于科技的发展，一系列科学理论词汇也相继诞生，如black hole（黑洞），cinerama（全景电影），plication（录像机），space walk（太空行走）。最近，中国太空人的出现也使美语又有了一个新词，taikonaut（太空人）以示区别astronaut（宇航员）。
2.2 在旧词的基础上，自由地运用词缀，或者运用拼缀法（blending）和逆生法（backformation）来创造新词
如debug（寻找并除去导致错误的原因），defog（除雾），defrost（除霜），racist（种族主义者），smog（烟雾）来自于smoke（烟）和fog（雾），medicare（医疗照顾）是由medical和care混合而成的，brunch（早午餐）是由breakfast和lunch的混合体。
美国英语频繁地运用转类法（conversion），尤其是从名词转化为动词，如to engineer（设计），to style（命名），to resurrect（使复活），to holiday（度假），to model（当模特）等，形容词转化为名词也常出现，如a depressive（沮丧的人），a mod erate（温和派），friendlies（友好的人），hostiles（敌人）。

Ⅷ 介绍美国历史的英文网站

Are you able to visit www.usa.gov?

It is a website hosted by the US government and has all the information you need.

This is what I found in the history section:
American History

Official information and services from the U.S. government.
American Memory Project
Core Documents of U.S. Democracy
Early Efforts to Publicize the Declaration and Constitution
First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image
Government's 50 Greatest Endeavors
Historic Collections from the National Digital Library
Historical Documents
Historical Museum Guide, by State
History of the Liberty Bell
History: Information, Tools, Grants, and Assistance
Judges of the U.S. Courts – Records and biographies for U.S. court judges since 1789
Kids' History Websites
Learn About the U.S. Flag
National Archives and Records Administration
National Museum of American History
National Museum of Natural History
Presidential Archives
Remembering Former President Gerald R. Ford
Remembering Ronald Reagan
State Historic Preservation Offices
Today in History
U.S. Constitution in Our History
U.S. Presidents
White House and Presidential History Video Tours

Goodluck with your study.

Ⅸ 简述美国的历史，英语表示。

1. Mayflower
2. the Boycott
3. Stamp Act
4. New England Colonies 新英格兰地区殖民地
5. The Boston Tea Party
6. No taxation without Representation
7. Continental Congress
8. War of Independence
9. Declaration of Independence
10. War of 1812
11. Westwood Movement 西进运动
12. Missouri Compromise
13. Monron Doctrine
14. Abolition Movement
15. Kansas-Nebraska Act
16. John Brown's Rebellion
17. CivilWar
18. Homestead Act
19. Emancipation Proclamation
20. Reconstruction
21. Great Depression
22. New Deal
23. Good Neighbor Policy
24. Atlantic Charter
25. Cairo Conference
26. Teheran Conference
27. Yalta Conference
28. Potsdame Conference
29. Truman Doctrine
30. Nixon Doctrine

Ⅹ 用英文介绍美国历史

Native Americans and European settlers
The indigenous peoples of the U.S. mainland, including Alaska Natives, are believed to have migrated from Asia, beginning between 12,000 and 40,000 years ago.Some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. After Europeans began settling the Americas, many millions of indigenous Americans died from epidemics of imported diseases such as smallpox.

In 1492, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish crown, reached several Caribbean islands, making first contact with the indigenous people. On April 2, 1513, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leó landed on what he called "La Florida"—the first documented European arrival on what would become the U.S. mainland. Spanish settlements in the region were followed by ones in the present-day southwestern United States that drew thousands through Mexico. French fur traders established outposts of New France around the Great Lakes; France eventually claimed much of the North American interior, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The first successful English settlements were the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in 1620. The 1628 chartering of the Massachusetts Bay Colony resulted in a wave of migration; by 1634, New England had been settled by some 10,000 Puritans. Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, about 50,000 convicts were shipped to Britain's American colonies. Beginning in 1614, the Dutch settled along the lower Hudson River, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.
In 1674, the Dutch ceded their American territory to England; the province of New Netherland was renamed New York. Many new immigrants, especially to the South, were indentured servants—some two-thirds of all Virginia immigrants between 1630 and 1680.By the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were becoming the primary source of bonded labor. With the 1729 division of the Carolinas and the 1732 colonization of Georgia, the thirteen British colonies that would become the United States of America were established. All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self-government stimulating support for republicanism. All legalized the African slave trade. With high birth rates, low death rates, and steady immigration, the colonial population grew rapidly. The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty. In the French and Indian War, British forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the Native Americans (popularly known as "American Indians"), who were being displaced, those thirteen colonies had a population of 2.6 million in 1770, about one-third that of Britain; nearly one in five Americans were black slaves. Though subject to British taxation, the American colonials had no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain.