醫學英語文獻
⑴ 醫學專業英語文獻，求幫我人工翻譯。截止到12月4號20點。急！
Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5)
生長分化因子5(GDF-5)
GDF-5 acts as a signal for chondrogenesis, growth, and patterning of the developing vertebrate skeleton. It is expressed in the interzone of developing joints. GDF-5 is a member of the transforming growth factor _ (TGF_) superfamily of signaling molecules and is involved in articular cartilage development, maintenance, and regeneration (34). GDF-5 promotes chondrocyte differentiation and stimulates proteoglycan synthesis.
GDF5_/_ mice (brachypodism) develop interphalangeal wrist and ankle joint defects (34).
GDF-5是作為軟骨形成、生長及脊椎骨架發育模式的一種信號，其位置是在發育的關節區域間。GDF-5屬於轉化生長因子(TGF)信號分子的超家族成員之一，它涉及關節軟骨組織的成長、維護和再生（34）。它推進軟骨細胞分化，並刺激蛋白聚糖的合成。GDF-5_/_短肢症的小鼠形成腕關節間與踝關節的缺損（34）。
Mutations in GDF-5 cause angel-shaped epiphyseal dysplasia, characterized by early-onset OA affecting the hip and hand joints (OMIM no. 105835). Indivials present with short stature, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, and hypodontia. The middle phalangeal shortening in angel-shaped epiphyseal dysplasia is similar to that observed in brachydactyly C, and this observation led to the identification of GDF5 mutations in this entity.
GDF-5的基因突變會造成天使型骨骺發育不全，其特徵是影響臀部與手關節的早發性關節炎（OMIM no. 105835）。患者體現出身體矮小、多種多樣的骨骺發育異常及缺牙症。天使型骨骺發育異常所顯現的中部指骨的短縮與C型指骨短縮症所觀察到的症狀類似，這是確診GDF-5基因突變的導向。
Heterozygous mutations in GDF5 also cause brachydactyly type C, characterized by short middle phalanges and the first metacarpal joints (35). Homozygous GDF5 mutations give rise to the Grebe and Hunter-Thompson forms of acromesomelic skeletal dysplasias and Du Pan dysplasia (35). Polymorphisms in the promoter of GDF5 (Table 3) are thought to predict susceptibility to hip and knee OA in Asian populations. The susceptibility polymorphism results in reced transcriptional activity in chondrogenic cells.
GDF-5 的雜合性突變也會導致C型指骨短縮症，其特徵是中部指骨及第一掌骨短小（35）。
GDF-5的純合性突變則會導致格雷貝與亨特-湯普森綜合症的肢端肢中骨骼發育異常及杜潘骨骺綜合症（35）。由GDF-5促進的基因多態性（表格3）被認為是預測亞洲人群易患上臀部與膝蓋關節炎；感染這種基因多態性的後果是軟骨細胞中的轉錄活力降低。
註：先翻譯一半，太長了！況且，要求期限已過，不知還有需要嗎！！
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