土木專業英語

『壹』 請教土木工程專業英語翻譯

而混凝土材料技術先進，大大超過近50年來，在計算力學和流體性質，收縮裂縫持續，是一個重大問題，如果沒有一個完整的解決方案。這一章規定，就有關細節機制微尺度收縮與發展收縮應力對散裝規模在乾燥混凝土，並說明了如何相對濕度測量，可用於量化收縮應力。最近的研究側重於衡量內部相對濕度的混凝土和現有系統測量束縛應激發展，是總結。自收縮模型，把內部相對濕度測量概述類似模型預測的應力應變梯度在乾燥混凝土用相對濕度。研究提高了我們的認識，如何干縮應力梯度啟動微裂紋對乾燥的表面混凝土結構及行人道。

很多的耐久性問題困擾著混凝土路面和結構都依賴於免費浸入或流動的水。混凝土裂縫能的能力進一步提高，水分自由移動，在具體的，不斷增加的風險，為耐久性問題，如腐蝕，硫酸攻擊，鹼硅酸反應。
混凝土開裂往往是誘發內部講，而不是一個外加負載。內部誘導應力（即物質誘導應力）時，所產生的變化，在平衡量的物質，是克制。一些物質誘導量的變化有助於應力積累，並最終混凝土裂縫。這些措施包括對外干縮，內部乾燥（自體）的收縮，熱膨脹，碳化收縮，與結晶壓力。
內部和外部的乾燥收縮和熱膨脹，是從根本上關繫到內部相對濕度（ RH ） 。本文將詳細討論基本機制的背後RH和乾燥收縮年齡講（內部和外部乾燥） ，在具體的。特別是，依據，為開爾文和拉普拉斯方程在早期收縮應力的發展是。研究人員已經提交了研究結果，利用開爾文-拉普拉斯關系，為早期收縮研究。完整的推導都開爾文和拉普拉斯方程是包括在這項審查的基礎上，有用的，這種關系在收縮建模。
希望大家能有意識地塑造一個令身邊人喜歡的性格。

『貳』 土木工程專業英語 一篇翻譯

對不起 我不善於這個專業的翻譯 這兩天忙也沒時間翻譯

『叄』 土木工程專業英語 英翻中

結構工程。在這個專業里，它包含了所有的土木結構的規劃和設計，有橋梁、水壩、發電廠、設備支撐、海上特殊結構、美國航天項目、 發射塔、巨型天文望遠鏡及許多其不同的項目。結構工程師利用計算機來確定一個結構的強度必須承受其自重、風載、建築材料在溫度變化下的熱漲冷縮以及地震。他們同時要確定適當的材料：包括鋼材、水泥、塑料、石材、瀝青、磚、鋁和其它建築材料。

『肆』 請教土木工程專業英語的翻譯

The composition of a gravel deposit礫石沉積物 reflects not only the source rocks母岩 of the area from which it was derived

but is also influenced by the agents responsible for its formation and the climatic regime in which it was or is being

deposited .
礫石沉積物的含量可以反映出母岩區岩石類型,風化和相互作用的條件,沉積環境以及其形成時的古氣候。
The latter two factors have a varying tendency to rece the proportion of unstable material.
後兩個因素往往會極大地影響其組成含量的比率。
Relief地貌 also influences the nature of a gravel deposit,for example ,gravel proction under low relief is small and the

pebbles tend to the chemically inert resies殘余物 such as vein quartz脈石英 ,quartzite石英岩, chert黑硅石 and flint燧石.By

contrast high relief and rapid erosion侵蝕 yield coarse ,immature gravels.
地貌也會影響礫石沉積物的性質。比如說，來自低地貌的礫石往往較小，而且攙雜殘余物如脈石英、石英岩、黑硅石和燧石。而來自高地貌的

礫石由於受嚴重侵蝕，往往表面粗糙，產生不成熟的礫石，與此形成鮮明的對比。

Sands consist of a loose mixture of mineral grains and rock fragments岩石碎片. Generally they tend to be dominated by a few

minerals , the chief of which is quartz .
沙中含有各種混合物如礦粒和岩石碎片。慢慢地，其中幾種礦物占據主導地位，主要是脈石英。
There is a presumed dearth缺乏 of material in those grades transitional to gravel on the one hand and silt on the other (see

Glossop and Skempton ).Stands vary appreciably有一點 in their textural maturity.
一方面，礦粒在演變成礫石過程中（......),另一方面,變成淤泥。在組成結構逐漸成熟過程中，（）有一點改變。

(最後一段不是很理解）

『伍』 土木工程專業英語全文翻譯

Introction to Civil Engineering Papers

Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.
People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.
The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.
The application of a large number of steel procts is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.
From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical instry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ctility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then proce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the graal emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.
From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.
During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel proction, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.
Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.
In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and proction. Later, in order to adapt to the war, proction and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.
Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.
After the instrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of instrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.
Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, graally formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the graally developed into a science.
In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.
Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960』s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we』re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : 「day」, 「night」 ,and 「services」 .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the 「day 「rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the 「night 「rooms consist of the bedrooms .the 「services 「comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a 「shed 」type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .

『陸』 翻譯土木工程專業英語，多謝了

7．The在18世紀開始和在我們自己的天仍然繼續的運輸系統的突然的擴展，極大地增加了對橋梁的需要當高速公路和鐵路的零件。 改善在結構被施加，並且改善的材料變得可利用在19世紀做了它可能的被修築的越來越更長和更強的橋梁對力量的理解。 以能力跨過長距離的幾個重的碼頭的可以主要消滅石工曲拱橋梁的damlike作用與阻攔小河的流程。
被加強的和鋼筋混凝土的8．The發展給了工程師橋梁工程的其他重要材料。 混凝土特別為相對地是高速公路系統的部分的短的間距橋梁使用了。 這些橋梁經常使用預制混凝土射線。 許多曲拱橋梁也被修建了混凝土。 目前，最長的具體曲拱橋梁是Gladesville橋梁在悉尼，澳洲。 它有305米間距，並且它的甲板在曲拱之上。 這是一座審美取悅的橋梁的另一個例子。
橋梁的確每座單獨橋梁的9．Each類型，提出特用型式問題。 使用一些桁架橋，在碼頭被架設瞭然後被上升了入地方通過起重器或起重機之後，間距漂浮入位置。 曲拱橋梁可以被修建在腳手架或者臨時腳手架。 這個方法通常使用與鋼筋混凝土曲拱橋梁。 鋼曲拱，然而，技術被開發了完成的部分由提供懸臂式支持的導線的地方固定。 當在纜繩的緊張增加時，起重機沿曲拱的上面移動向鋼的地方新的部分。
挖洞的10．The通常技術通過硬岩是對鑽孔在標題面前。 孔充滿起爆的炸葯，在工作者和設備被撤出對安全距離之後。 在發煙和以後岩塵在傳送帶安定了，爆炸減少的岩石被去除，經常。 在許多項目，在隧道的充分的直徑被挖掘之前，象Simplon，例如，一個小試驗隧道駕駛。 這個技術幫助工程師確定隧道穿過岩石的地質特點，以便許多困難可以被期望。 有時，在主要隧道的工作在試驗隧道之後進步一些米，以便後者提供透氣，總是在挖洞操作的一個重大問題

『柒』 土木工程專業英語（英譯漢）

組合砌體的輔助測來試確定組自合砌體的抗壓強度，一系列五塊未用鋼筋加固的混凝土稜柱，已經在美國材料試驗協會（2002c）規定的方式測試過。為了使細長度的影響達到最小化的目的，它們決定通過提供均步應力區，建造一個五塊長、五塊寬的稜柱。以使稜柱成為真實情況下在牆上最好的典型。（Drysdale and Hamid 2005）。每個稜柱的變上都會發生標距為600mm的軸向形變，這是通過位移功能變換器（電位計）獲得的，而記錄和外加負載連續的施加在破壞點上。

『捌』 土木工程專業英語翻譯

1.城市運輸系統是城市地區社會經濟系統的一個組成部分。
A city transportation system is an integral part of a city』s socioeconomic system.
2.從20世紀20年代以來，公共交通使用顯著減少，而私人汽車使用急劇增加。
Since the 1920s, the use of the public transportation system has been decreased drastically while the use of the private vehicles has been increased sharply.
3.結構設計包括確定結構的最佳比例和給定其組成要素及細節的尺寸。
An architectural design includes determining the optimum ratio and finalizing on the measurements of any of its given comprising elements and the details.
4.在斜拉設計中，需要考慮橋梁與周圍環境相協調。
A cable-stayed bridge design should take into consideration the harmonious relationship between the bridge and its ambient environment.
5.水文分析和水文設計是解決地面排水問題的兩個基本步驟。
Hydrological analyses and designs are the two basic steps in solving the drainage problem on a road surface.

『玖』 土木工程專業英語翻譯!

如表1所示，在先期固結壓力的軟粘土得到鞏固試驗是78和120的深度為4.9和一十一點○米分別。相應的過度鞏固比率（光學字元識別）是1.6深度為4.9米和1.1在深度11.0米這些光學字元識別價值的建議略有overconsolidated條件較淺和密切的一個綜合條件，通常附近地層底部。許多研究人員建議，所有的老粘土沉積，一般認為正常的鞏固，已經略有overconsolidated由於老化和長期蠕變過程緩慢數千年歷史的地層，從而降低孔隙比下不斷覆蓋壓力。這通常是超條件並不明顯，因為影響的樣品干擾。結果列於表1提供了一個基礎，選擇設計參數用於解決和鞏固分析設計的燃料箱的基礎。

3設計考慮

調查結果表明，土壤底層油箱網站Attawapiskat薄弱和可壓縮。在文獻中，有大量的案例研究中，燃料箱成功構建了對軟，可壓縮的基礎，只要改善了地基土充分。地基土往往是通過改善安裝預制垂直排水管，以增加穩定性，並減少解決。案例研究還表明，斷裂的坦克，可能會出現由於基礎不穩定和/或嚴重扭曲的坦克由於不均勻沉降。失敗的油箱可能會導致潛在的環境破壞，由於燃料泄漏和經濟損失，由於坦克的損害和影響的項目時間表和行動。基金會的穩定和鞏固解決的主要設計考慮。時間限制也是一個重要因素的設計考慮。為維克多項目，總的施工進度要求，油箱農場應建設和准備的燃料供應的6個月內。

『拾』 土木工程專業英語翻譯 段兵延

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